Native and Colonial America Unit I AP U.S. History

Bering Sea Land Bridge Migration

Natives ► Nomads ► Agriculturally-based (maize/corn) ► Hopewells/Mississippian  Moundbuilders ► Iroquois  Iroquois Confederacy

Native Map of North America

Europe ► Renaissance (rebirth) ► Growth of Nation-States (England, France, Spain, Portugal) ► Protestant Reformation and Religious Wars  Counter-Reformation  Lutheranism  Calvinism  Church of England

England ► Defeat of Spanish Armada in 1588 makes England a superior naval power ► Population increases ► Joint-stock companies develop ► Religious conflicts divide the nation ► Weak monarchs, civil wars, and revolutions

European Colonization ► Columbus in 1492 spearheads European intervention into America ► Relations with natives ► Encomienda system and asiento system

Smallpox

Columbian Exchange

Treaty of Tordesillas

European Colonies

English Colonies ► Charters ► Corporate Colony  Granted a charter to stockholders  Ex. Virginia ► Proprietary Colony  Granted a charter to individual or group  Ex. Maryland, Pennsylvania ► Royal Colony  Under direct control of the monarch  Ex. New Hampshire  Eventually, 8 of the 13 colonies became royal colonies, including Virginia and Massachusetts

The First English Colonies ► First Attempt: Roanoke in 1585 ► First Permanent: Jamestown, Virginia in 1607  John Smith – “he that will not work shall not eat”  John Rolfe - tobacco

Who is this?

Oh yeah…Pocahontas

Disney’s John Smith

Hollywood’s John Smith

This is John Smith.

Pilgrims ► Separatists to Holland then head for Virginia ► Mayflower takes Separatists and others to Jamestown but weather complicates matters ► Settlers decide to remain and establish Plymouth

Mayflower Compact

The Mayflower (II)

Look, a big rock.

Wampanoag Dwelling

Plymouth Colony

Pulpit/Religion

Thirteen Colonies

New England ► Massachusetts Bay Colony and Puritans (1630) ► John Winthrop and “city upon a hill” ► Providence, Rhode Island, and Roger Williams (1636) ► Portsmouth and Anne Hutchinson (1638) ► Hartford, New Haven, Connecticut, and Thomas Hooker ( ) ► New Hampshire (1679)

New England Culture ► Massachusetts under strict Puritanical lifestyle ► Salem Witch Trials ( ) ► Religious toleration and dissent lead to Rhode Island ► Halfway Covenant: attempt to increase members ► Education by mothers ► Towns with over 50 families required primary schools; 100, grammar schools

New England Politics ► Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) ► New England Confederation ( ) ► King Philip’s (Metacom) War ( )

Middle Colonies ► New Amsterdam transferred to Duke of York in 1664 to become New York ► Lands taken from New York to establish New Jersey by 1702 ► Develop wheat and corn farms and eventually into manufacturing and trade ► Delaware created by Pennsylvania (1702) ► Education by private or churches

Pennsylvania ► William Penn establishes Quaker-based colony in Pennsylvania (1681) ► Religious Society of Friends aka Quakers ► Holy Experiment  Religious refuge  Liberal political ideals  Economic success  Frame of Government and Charter of Liberties

Southern Colonies ► Maryland (1632) ► Virginia (1609) ► Carolinas (1663)  North Carolina (1729)  South Carolina (1729) ► Georgia (1732) ► Limited education due to agricultural base

Virginia ► House of Burgesses in 1619  First legislative assembly in the colonies ► Becomes royal colony in 1624 ► Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)  Inequities between large landowners and western farmers  Nathanial Bacon vs. William Berkeley ► Headright System  50 acres to each paying immigrant or plantation owner who paid for immigrant

Maryland ► Lord Baltimore establishes colony for Catholics ► Act of Toleration (1649)  Toleration of all Christian sects  Death to those who denied Jesus ► Religious civil war brought control to Protestants

Carolinas ► North Carolina  Tobacco plantations  Well-established autonomy ► South Carolina  Rice plantations  Became heavily dependent on slavery

Georgia ► James Oglethorpe establishes in 1732 ► Defensive buffer to Spanish Florida ► Debtors colony

Colonial Religion ► Diverse among colonies regarding strict adherence and religious toleration ► Domination by Protestants; little influence of Anglican Church; other sects and denominations viewed as bizarre ► The Great Awakening (1730s-1740s)  Over time, economics became prominent over religious conviction  Jonathan Edwards and “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”  George Whitefield  Development of evangelism and individual faith

Colonial Culture/Society Urban Rural - Becoming American - Pragmatism - Folkways

Typical Colony Layout

Immigration ► 250,000 in 1701 to 2.5 million in 1775 ► Europeans and Africans along with a high birth rate ► Reasons: religion; economics; political turmoil ► English, Germans (Pennsylvania Dutch), Scottish, Irish, Dutch, Swedish  OLD IMMIGRANTS ► Africans forced to America; suffered discrimination and slave labor

Slavery ► Indentured servitude ► Labor shortages lead to importing slaves ► Cheap labor ► Dependable work force ► Stono Rebellion/Cato Rebellion – 1739 in South Carolina ► Slave laws

Slave Demographics

Mercantilism and Triangle Trade ► Colonies for the Mother Country ► Acts of Navigation  Trade on English ships  Imports pass English ports  Exports to England ► Triangular Trade  Middle Passage

Colonial Economics ► Land was “gold” ► No established monetary system (gold and silver) ► Transportation  Rivers and coasts  Horse and carriage led to taverns and postal services ► New England  Limited land led to shipbuilding, fishing, trading ► Middle Colonies  Wheat and corn fields; manufacturing and trade ► Southern Colonies  Tobacco, rice, indigo plantations based on forced labor