NEXT Two early English colonies failed, but Jamestown survived—partly through individual effort and hard work. Section 1 Early Colonies Have Mixed Success

The English Plan Colonies NEXT After defeat of Spanish Armada, England focuses on colonizing Americas 1 SECTION English geographer Richard Hakluyt urges England to start a colony -colonies would provide market for English exports -colonies would serve as source of raw materials -colonies would establish Protestant faith in Americas Early Colonies Have Mixed Success Continued...

NEXT 1 SECTION English colonists go to Americas to: -seek economic opportunity -escape religious persecution continued The English Plan Colonies

NEXT 1 SECTION Sir Walter Raleigh begins colony on Roanoke Island, Virginia (1585) Sagadahoc colony begins (1607); face hardships, return to England 2nd Roanoke colony begins (1587); colonists disappear; reason unknown Native Americans stop colonists’ food supply; survivors return to England Two Early Colonies Fail

NEXT 1 SECTION Sir Walter Raleigh is only person who finances colony at Roanoke Company is backed by investors To raise money for colonies, turn to the joint- stock company When colony fails, he loses his investment Investors split profits, divide losses Each investor receives pieces of company ownership Financing a Colony Continued...

continued Financing a Colony NEXT 1 SECTION Organize Virginia Company of London, Virginia Company of Plymouth Given charter—government contract; holder has right to establish colony

Jamestown Is Founded in 1607 NEXT 1 SECTION Virginia Company of London finances expedition to Chesapeake Bay Settlers incorrectly told they would find gold, waste time searching Settlers face disease, harsh weather Expedition starts Jamestown settlement

Jamestown Grows 1 SECTION By January 1608, only 38 colonists remain alive More settlers arrive (1610); governor Lord De La Warr imposes discipline 800 more settlers arrive (1609), face hardships, only 60 survive John Smith establishes colonial discipline, trade with Powhatan tribe Colonists become employees of Virginia Company, want share of profits Colonists learn to grow tobacco; product becomes popular in England Continued... NEXT

1 SECTION Virginia Company lets settlers own land Colonists annoyed with strict rule of governor, want more local control Indentured servants arrive: -they sell their labor to person who pays their passage -after a few years, they are free to farm or take up a trade Population of Virginia jumps from about 600 (1619) to over 2,000 (1621) Set up House of Burgesses—first representative assembly in American colonies continued Jamestown Grows

Conflicts with the Powhatan NEXT 1 SECTION As more settlers take land, relations with Powhatan tribe grow worse Expanding plantations cause Powhatan to kill many settlers (1622) Uneasy peace; colonists learn to grow corn, catch fish from Powhatan To improve relations, John Rolfe marries chief’s daughter, Pocahontas

Bacon’s Rebellion in SECTION By 1670s, one-fourth of white men in English colonies are indentured servants Demands Berkeley to approve war against Native Americans to seize land Nathaniel Bacon accuses Governor William Berkeley of favoring wealthy They resent wealthy landowners Berkeley’s refusal sparks Bacon’s Rebellion (1676) Continued... NEXT

1 SECTION Bacon, followers take control of House of Burgesses; burn Jamestown House of Burgesses pass laws: -prevent governor from taking so much power Bacon dies; Berkeley hangs Bacon’s followers continued Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676

NEXT Religion influenced the settlement and government of the New England colonies. Section 2 New England Colonies

The Voyage of the Mayflower NEXT 2 SECTION Pilgrims—Separatist religious group; separate from Church of England To establish order they sign the Mayflower Compact: -vow to obey laws agreed upon for the good of the colony -establishes idea of self-government, majority rule Pilgrims land at Plymouth, Massachusetts (1620) To escape persecution, they sail to Americas New England Colonies Pilgrims land in 1620 at Plymouth, Massachusetts Pilgrims sign the Mayflower Compact in Painting, E. Moran.

The Pilgrims Found Plymouth NEXT 2 SECTION Pilgrims endure hardships; half of group dies by spring Squanto shows Pilgrims how to plant, hunt, fish Squanto sets up peace treaty between Pilgrims and Native Americans Make friends with Squanto, a Pawtuxet Pilgrims, Native Americans celebrate harvest—first Thanksgiving Pilgrims trade with Native Americans, send lumber to England for profit Native Americans and Pilgrims eat together at first Thanksgiving in 1621.

The Puritans Come to Massachusetts Bay NEXT 2 SECTION Puritans—religious group, wants to reform Church of England 1,000 Puritans arrive at Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630) This movement of Puritans is known as the Great Migration To escape persecution, many Puritans sail to Americas (1630—1640) They are well prepared; do not starve First governor John Winthrop sets up a commonwealth

The New England Way 2 SECTION Basic unit of the commonwealth is congregation: -group of people who belong to same church -each congregation sets up own town -each town has a form of self-government Puritans follow the “New England Way”: -emphasizes duty, godliness, hard work, honesty -work ethic helps growth of New England colonies -requires that all children learn to read Continued... NEXT

2 SECTION Puritan congregations set up new colonies continued The New England Way Thomas Hooker adopts Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639): -extends voting rights to non-church members -limits power of governor -expands idea of representative government Portsmouth is first European settlement in New Hampshire

Challenges to Puritan Leaders NEXT 2 SECTION Massachusetts minister Roger Williams opposes “New England Way” Anne Hutchinson believes person can worship without church, Bible This colony guarantees religious freedom, separation of church/state Forced to leave colony, he founds colony of Rhode Island (1636) Quakers believe person can know God through “inner light” Also believe in treating Native Americans fairly, persecuted for this

King Philip’s War 2 SECTION Growing tensions over land between colonists, Native Americans Europeans and Native Americans define land ownership differently: -to Europeans, land can be owned by individuals -to Native Americans, land belongs to everyone Continued... NEXT

2 SECTION King Philip’s War (1675—1676)—war between Puritans, Native Americans Native Americans lose war, are forced to become laborers continued King Philip’s War English settlers expand farther into Native American lands Chart

NEXT 2 SECTION By late 1600s, societal changes lead to fear, suspicion in New England Pretending to be bewitched, girls falsely accuse others of witchcraft Witch-hunts begin (1692); more than 100 people are arrested, tried The Salem Witchcraft Trials 20 found guilty and put to death Panic short-lived; experience shows how society can make scapegoats

NEXT The founding of the Middle and Southern colonies provided settlers with many economic opportunities. Section 3 Founding the Middle and Southern Colonies

The Middle Colonies NEXT Middle colonies—New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware 3 SECTION Are located between New England and Chesapeake region Founding the Middle and Southern Colonies Religious freedom attracts many groups Conditions favorable for shipping, commerce, farming, livestock Meeker farmhouse in New Jersey colony in 1676.

New Netherland Becomes New York 3 SECTION Dutch settlers found New Netherland (1624) Many different settlers arrive -23 Jews (1654) -Africans come as slaves and indentured servants -Puritans Each patroon brings 50 settlers; receives land grant, special privileges Includes Hudson River valley, Long Island, land along Delaware River Continued... NEXT

continued New Netherland Becomes New York NEXT 3 SECTION New Netherland’s governor Peter Stuyvesant attacks New Sweden New Netherland surrenders to English (1664) Wants to add land to New Netherland; New Sweden surrenders (1655) Becomes proprietary colony—Duke of York is proprietor, or owner England’s king wants Duke of York to drive Dutch out of New Netherland -Dutch colonies threaten England’s trade -Dutch colonies geographically divide the English colonies

New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware 3 SECTION Duke of York gives part of claim, province of New Jersey, to friends To repay debts, English king gives large piece of land to Penn (1681) American landowner William Penn joins religious group—Quakers Promise settlers religious freedom, land grants, representative assembly Continued... NEXT

continued New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware NEXT 3 SECTION William Penn uses land to create colony of Pennsylvania for Quakers: -welcomes different religious, ethnic groups -treats Native Americans fairly -becomes wealthy colony Southern counties of Pennsylvania form own colony of Delaware

The Southern Colonies NEXT 3 SECTION Southern colonies—Maryland, the Carolinas, Georgia Conditions good for warm-weather crops: tobacco, rice, indigo West border is Appalachian Mountains; east border is Atlantic Ocean

Maryland and the Carolinas 3 SECTION Lord Baltimore establishes Maryland for Roman Catholics (1632) Colony of Carolina (1663) grows rice, indigo; use enslaved African labor Maryland’s economy is based on tobacco Maryland passes Toleration Act—promises freedom of religion Sell Native Americans into slavery; conflicts between colonists, tribes Continued... NEXT

3 SECTION Colonists overthrow Carolina’s proprietary rule Colony divides into North Carolina and South Carolina Carolina becomes royal colony—rule by king- appointed governor continued Maryland and the Carolinas

Georgia NEXT 3 SECTION James Oglethorpe founds Georgia as refuge for debtors (1732) Oglethorpe’s strict rules upset colonists English, Germans, Swiss, Scottish settle Georgia; all religions welcome During English-Spanish war, Spain tries to oust English colonists, but fails In response, king makes Georgia a royal colony in 1752