The Institutionalist Paradigm (Liberal Institutionalism) The Institutional Foundation of International Politics

Similarities and Differences with the Realist Paradigm Units: States (rational, unitary) System Structure – Anarchy – Distribution of Capabilities – But also the Importance of Institutions

What Is an Institution? Persistent and connected sets of rules (formal or informal) that indicate the appropriate behavior for designated actors and, in some cases, create actors

Why Institutions Matter Institutions as Instruments of States Institutions as the Foundation of the International State System – States as the creation of institutions

Why Bring in Institutions: Puzzles for Realism Too Little War – Persistence of Weak States (Table 13)Table 13 – Stability of State Boundaries: Africa, 1914, 1930, and Too Much War and Conflict – Efforts to Defend Insignificant Pieces of Territory Falklands/Malvinas (1982) Perejil (2002)Falklands/MalvinasPerejil – Struggles over Representation in International Bodies Taiwan and the UNTaiwan

Clue: How States Come Into Existence Effective Control by a Government over Territory and Population Diplomatic Recognition by Existing States E.g., Former Yugoslavia (map)map Examples – Peaceful/uncontested: USSR – Violent/contested Croatia and Kosovo Abkhazia and South Ossetia

Constitutional Principles of the Interstate System (UN Charter)UN Charter Respect for Political Independence and Territorial Integrity (Art. 2(4)) Sovereign (Juridical) Equality (Art. 2(1)) Non-Interference in Internal Affairs (Art 2(7))

Basic Rules of Interstate Relations: Rules of Diplomacy Diplomatic Accreditation and Immunity EX: Iran Hostage Crisis, Iran Hostage Crisis Extraterritoriality EX: Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait, 1990 Confidential Communications EX: Diplomatic pouch

Basic Rules of Interstate Relations Rules of Agreement Making: Pacta Sunt Servanda – "Every treaty in force is binding upon the parties to it and must be performed by them in good faith.“ Rules of War (Chapter VII)Chapter VII