+ Exploration & Expansion Chap. 16

+ Foundations of Exploration a. The Drive to Explore i. Age of Exploration was driven by the search for wealth ii. Many explorers hoped to find faster routes to Asia iii. Some set out to find glory and fame iv. Others to spread faith in new lands v. Simple curiosity

+ b. Advances in Technology i. The compass and astrolabe 1. Allowed sailors to plot courses even when they were out of sight of land ii. Advances in shipbuilding 1. Deep-draft ships a. Were capable of withstanding heavier waves than earlier ships could 2. The Carvel ship a. Light and fast b. Two features i. Steered with a rudder at the rear of the ship ii. Lateen sails (triangular) 1. Could be moved to catch the wind from any direction c. Could be armed with weapons

+ Portugal & Spain a. The Portuguese i. 1 st country to launch large-scale voyages of exploration ii. Henry the Navigator 1. Son of King John I of Portugal 2. Not an explorer, but a Patron and supporter of those who wished to explore a. Established a small court of sailors, mapmakers, astronomers, and others interested in navigation b. Sent expeditions to islands in the Atlantic and western coast of Africa

+ Bartlomeu Dias first European to sail around Cape of Good Hope, but turned back due to storms Christopher Columbus sail to the Indies, but instead Caribbean, 3 more voyages Amerigo Vespucci 1502 NOT ASIA! Vasco Nunez de Balboa 1513 first European to Pacific crossing the Isthmus of Panama Ferdinand Magellan leaves Spain 1519, 5 ships, 250 men…killed in Philippines but return survivors, CIRCUMNAVIGATE

+ English John Cabot 1497 to Canada Sir Francis Drake-second to circumnavigate Henry Hudson first voyage, 1609 for Dutch discover Hudson River First colony at Jamestown Pilgrims establish at Plymouth, MA View natib=ves with distrust and anger

+ French Jacques Cartier 1534 to find Northwest Passage, claims all land along St Lawrence River in Canada Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec 1608 Rene-Robert LaSalle down Mississippi claims region for king Louis New France had few settlers, mostly for resources fish and furs No enslavement of native population

+ British French conflict i. Mid 1700s British colonist began attempting to settle in French territory in the upper Ohio River Valley ii. War broke out in 1754 iii. British vs. French and Indians 1. War went badly for the British at first 2. Turning point was when the British took Quebec 3. French eventually surrendered a. Yielded Canada and all French territory east of the Mississippi

+ Netherlands Henry Hudson New Amsterdam governor buys island of Manhatten from natives Focus on developing colonies in other regions which were more profitable

+ Spain builds an Empire a. Spain in the Caribbean i. Settled islands in the Caribbean, such as Hispaniola and Cuba ii. Hoped to find gold but didn’t iii. Introduced the encomienda system 1. Colonist were given an amount of land and certain number of Native Americans to work the land 2. In return colonist were required to teach natives about Christianity iv. System was disastrous for Native Americas 1. Overworked and mistreated 2. Disease spread i.e. smallpox 3. No resistance to the illness, million die ( went from a pop. of 50 million down to a pop. of 4 million)

+ Conquistadors Hernan Cortez- Mexico vs. Aztec leader Moctezuma 1519 Francisco Pizarro- Peru v Atahualpa 1532, demand accept Christianity, take prisoner, kills him Appoint VICEROY as local government Locals work in agriculture, disease and mistreatment kills 90%

+ v. Bartolome de Las Casas 1. Was a priest 2. Was appalled at the mistreatment of the Native Americans 3. Wanted to protect those that remained 4. Recommended replacing them as labors with imported African slaves

+ a. Treaty of Tordesillas i. Signed in 1494 ii. Drew imaginary line through the Atlantic iii. Everything west was given to Spain, everything east to Portugal 1. Only Brazil remained under the control of Portugal 2. Slow to develop with huge farming estates

+ New Patterns of Trade a. COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE pgs b. Columbian Exchange is the name historians give this period of time. It is the exchanging of goods between the New World and Europe c. Read the section and create a graphic organizer that shows what goods were traded and also the effects of the Columbian Exchange

+ Mercantalism a. A New Economic Policy i. Mercantilism 1. Basic principle was that a nation’s wealth depended on its wealth 2. Wealth was measured by how much gold and silver that a nation possessed 3. Led to intense competition between nations for wealth during the 1500s and 1600s

+ b. Balance of Trade Mercantilist believed you should build wealth by two ways: 1. Extract gold and silver from mines at home or in the colonies 2. Sell more goods than it bought from foreign countries a. Would create a favorable balance of trade b. Add a tax or tariff to make imported goods more expensive (buy local) c. Provide subsidies to local producers to make local goods cheaper

+ C. Colonies i. Building colonies was essential to mercantilism ii. Meant to control sources of raw materials and proved new markets for manufactured goods iii. Only existed to benefit the mother country iv. Restricted economic activities 1. Could only buy and sell with the mother country 2. Impact on society: towns grow and merchants rich

+ Rise of Capitalism A.Capitalism emerges Capitalism 1. It is an economic system 2. Most economic activity is carried on by private individuals or organizations to seek a profit B. rising prices C. New Business organization: The Joint Stock Company- investors buy stock in a company to share the profit and risk to the venture (first is the British East India Company)

+ Atlantic Slave Trade a. The Atlantic Slave Trade i. Plantations 1. Estates where cash crops (i.e. sugar and tobacco) were grown on a large scale 2. Native Americans were 1 st source of labor for these estates 3. Indentured Servants a. People who worked for a certain period of time in exchange for passage to the Americas b. Expensive to maintain

+ 4. African Labor a. Forcibly taken to the Americas b. Most were from West Africa c. Some were supplied by African rulers in exchange for European fire arms d. Others were kidnapped by Europeans on slave trade

+ ii. Triangular Trade 1. Ships carrying European goods to Africa in exchange for slaves 2. Middle Passage a. Journey of Africans to the Americas to be sold as Slaves b. Olaudah Equiano i. Former slave ii. Wrote about the horrific conditions for those on the slave ships iii % did not survive the journey 3. Carried American products such as sugar, rice and tobacco to Europe

+ a. Living Conditions i. Most worked on Plantations ii. Skilled craft workers continued their trade iii. Women were sometimes given basic domestic duties as servants and cooks iv. Had to meet their own basic needs (cooking, cleaning, mending clothes) at the end of the work day v. Living conditions were harsh. Owners and overseers inflicted physical and degrading punishment for minor offenses

+ b. Resistance i. Laws saw slaves as property ii. Some resisted by trying to keep cultural traditions alive iii. Some slowed down their work or destroyed equipment iv. Some revolted v. Others escaped and established communities of runaways in remote areas