Industrial Revolution in the North  Poor soil encouraged industry over agriculture.  Rivers provided power and transport.  Banks in cities provided capital.  Access to coal and iron ore.  Encourages urbanization as people move to cities seeking jobs. Textile Production in the North  Cotton from South.  Women and children to work machines.  Numerous towns and cities as markets for textiles.

Spinning, weaving, and all steps under one roof. Single women came from farms to work in textile mills. They lived in company boarding houses. Long hours, poor working conditions. Opportunities for friendship and community.

King Cotton The Cotton Gin – Eli Whitney  Cotton plantations and slavery rapidly spread west. South the world’s largest producer of cotton. Cotton more than half of all American exports.  In 1817, South produced 461,000 bales of cotton.  In 1860, South produced 4.8 million bales. Southern economy became entirely dependent upon slavery.  In 1820, 1.5 million slaves.  In 1860, 4 million slaves. Cities and Industry DID NOT grow in South.

‘Old Hickory’ “Corrupt Bargain” in Election of 1824 Campaign/Election of 1828  Candidate of the Common Man  Party Politics Inauguration Day The Bank of the United States (BUS) The Nullification Crisis  Was the Union permanent?  Was secession a valid way to protect minority rights? Jackson’s Indian Policy  Trail of Tears

Jackson had lost the Election of 1824 in the Northeastern United States. His supporters in Congress created a tariff to protect eastern manufacturers and help Jackson to win the next presidential election. Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations) – protective tariff on raw materials, agricultural imports and some manufactured goods, including a 50% duty on cotton cloth. The Tariff hurt the South – they had to buy high-cost American cloth or highly taxed British goods. Cost southern planters $100 million annually.

Vice President John C. Calhoun argued that the Union was a compact between sovereign states. Thus, the people of each state had the right to nullify any federal law they believed unconstitutional. If a state chose to nullify a law Congress could either: repeal the law or propose a constitutional amendment giving the federal government the power in question. If the amendment was ratified and added to the Constitution, the nullifying state could then either: accept the decision, or exercise its right as a sovereign state by seceding from the Union.

Jackson said that the Union was not a compact of sovereign states. The Supreme Court, not the states, had the final authority to determine the meaning of the Constitution. Jackson believed the Union was perpetual – no state had the right of secession. Nullification was treason! Resolution: Jackson signed a compromise which called for a gradual lowering of duties over the next decade, but asked Congress to pass the Force Bill of 1833, which gave him the ability to enforce tariff duties. In return, South Carolina repealed its nullification of tariff laws, but nullified Force Bill, which Jackson ignored.

Was the Union permanent? Was secession a valid way to protect minority rights?

The Second Bank of the United States had been chartered for 20 years in The B.U.S. had generally played a responsible economic role. Jackson believed the bank to be corrupt and to benefit only the wealthy elite. Supporters of the bank believed Jackson would not veto the legislation to give the bank a second charter during an election year so they sought a second charter four years earlier in Jackson did veto the bank. Additionally, he moved public funds out of the bank and into private state banks. Jackson’s action created a panic and contributed to an economic depression.

War against the Creek Indians. The Trail of Tears.

Jackson greatly increased the power of the President. Jackson believed the President was the true representative of the people – far more than the legislative and judicial branches. Supported rights for the common white man, but fought extending rights to Indians, blacks, and women. Jackson was criticized by his opponents as “King Andrew” – he vetoed 12 bills, all previous presidents had vetoed a combined 9 bills. What are some examples of Jackson taking a lot of power as President?

Please write down three examples of Jackson taking more power than the president had generally taken prior to his administration.

The Second Great Awakening  Camp meetings Temperance  The American Temperance Society Health and Sexuality Institutional Reform  Schools  Health Facilities and Asylums Working-class Reforms

New England Antislavery Society William Lloyd Garrison  The Liberator Frederick Douglass  The North Star Tactics  Literature  Petitions  Boycotts  Calls for Rebellion Jackson’s Response – “Gag Rule”

Angelina and Sarah Grimke Connection to Antislavery Movement Seneca Falls Convention (1848)  Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions

“... But we are assembled to protest against a form of government, existing without the consent of the governed – to declare out right to be free as man is free, to be represented in the government which we are taxed to support, to have such disgraceful laws as give man the power to chastise and imprison his wife.... And, strange as it may seem to many, we now demand our right to vote according to the declaration of the government under which we live.” Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Seneca Falls Declaration, August 2, 1848

Abby Kelley wrote, American women “have good cause to be grateful to the slave, for in striving to strike his iron off, we found most surely, that we were manacled ourselves.” “I ask no favors for my sex. I surrender not our claim to equality. All I ask of our brethren is, that they will take their feet from off our necks and permit us to stand upright on that ground which God designed us to occupy.” Sarah Grimke