Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. 1 Breakeven Analysis

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. 2 Identify how changes in volume affect costs Use CVP analysis to compute breakeven points Use CVP analysis for profit planning, and graph the CVP relations Use CVP methods to perform sensitivity analyses

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. 3 Distinguish between variable costing and absorption costing (see Appendix 19A, located at myaccountinglab.com)

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Identify how changes in volume affect costs 4 1 1

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. The effect of volume of activity on costs Variable costs Increase or decrease in total in direct proportion to changes in the volume of activity Fixed costs Do not change over wide ranges of volume Mixed costs Have both variable and fixed components 5

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Total variable costs change in direct proportion to changes in the volume of activity If activity increases, so does the cost Unit variable cost remains constant Volume can be measured in many different ways: Number of units sold Number of units produced Number of miles driven by a delivery vehicle Number of phone calls placed 6

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Tend to remain the same in amount, regardless of variations in level of activity Examples: Straight-line depreciation Salaries Part-time manager’s salary Total fixed costs do not change, but the fixed cost per event depends on the number of events The more activity, the less the fixed cost per unit 8

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Have both a fixed and variable component Example: Utilities that charge a set fee per month, plus a charge for usage 10

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Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Range of volume: Where total fixed costs remain constant and variable cost per unit remains constant Outside the relevant range, costs can differ 12

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Philadelphia Acoustics builds innovative speakers for music and home theater systems. Consider the following costs. Identify the costs as variable (V), fixed (F), or mixed (M) Units of production depreciation on routers used to cut wood enclosures 2. Wood for speaker enclosures 3. Patents on crossover relays 4. Total compensation to salesperson, who receives a salary plus a commission based on meeting sales goals 5. Crossover relays V V F M V

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Philadelphia Acoustics builds innovative speakers for music and home theater systems. Consider the following costs. Identify the costs as variable (V), fixed (F), or mixed (M) Straight-line depreciation on manufacturing plant 7. Grill cloth 8. Cell phone costs of salesperson (plan includes 1,200 minutes; overseas calls are charged at an average of $0.15 per minute) 9. Glue 10. Quality inspector’s salary F V M V F

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Use CVP analysis to compute breakeven points

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Expresses the relationships among costs, volume, and profit or loss Answers: How many products or services must the company sell to break even? What will profits be if sales double? How will changes in selling price, variable costs, or fixed costs affect profits? Assumptions: Managers can classify each cost as either variable or fixed Only factor that affects total costs is change in volume, which increases variable and mixed costs Fixed costs do not change 16

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Sales level at which operating income is zero: Total revenues equal total costs (expenses) Sales above breakeven result in a profit Sales below breakeven result in a loss Two methods to compute breakeven point: Income statement approach Sales revenue − Total costs = Operating income Contribution margin approach Sales revenue – Variable costs = Contribution margin – Fixed costs = Operating income 17

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Express income in equation form and then break it down into its components: 18

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Shortcut method The contribution margin is sales revenue minus variable costs (expenses) Called contribution margin because the excess of sales revenue over variable costs contributes to covering fixed costs 19

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Rearrange the income statement—use the contribution margin to develop a shortcut method Shortcut equation: 20

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Given fixed costs total $12,000. The contribution margin per event is $120 ($200 sale price – $80 variable cost) Check your answer 21

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Ratio of contribution margin to sales revenue Used to compute the breakeven point in terms of sales dollars Contribution margin is equal to: Sales price – variable cost Contribution margin divided by sales revenue yields a percentage Percentage of each dollar of sales revenue that contributes toward fixed costs and profit 22

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Formula: Example: Yields the same breakeven as the contribution margin approach earlier 23

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Story Park competes with Splash World by providing a variety of rides. Story sells tickets at $50 per person as a one-day entrance fee. Variable costs are $10 per person, and fixed costs are $240,000 per month. 1. Compute the number of tickets Story must sell to break even. Perform a numerical proof to show that your answer is correct. 24 Units sold = ($240, ) ÷ ($50 - $10) Units sold = $240,000 ÷ $40 = 6,000 units to breakeven

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Story Park competes with Splash World by providing a variety of rides. Story sells tickets at $50 per person as a one-day entrance fee. Variable costs are $10 per person, and fixed costs are $240,000 per month. 1. Compute the number of tickets Story must sell to break even. Perform a numerical proof to show that your answer is correct. 25 Total sales revenue $300,000 -Variable cost 60,000 Contribution margin $240,000 - Fixed cost 240,000 Operating income $ 0

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Story Park competes with Splash World by providing a variety of rides. Story sells tickets at $50 per person as a one-day entrance fee. Variable costs are $10 per person, and fixed costs are $240,000 per month. 1. Compute Story Park’s contribution margin ratio. Carry your computation to two decimal places. 26 $50 - $10 = $40 $40 ÷ $50 = 0.80 or 80%

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Story Park competes with Splash World by providing a variety of rides. Story sells tickets at $50 per person as a one-day entrance fee. Variable costs are $10 per person, and fixed costs are $240,000 per month. 2. Use the contribution margin ratio CVP formula to determine the sales revenue Story Park needs to break even. 27 $240,000 ÷ 0.80 = $300,000

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Use CVP analysis for profit planning, and graph the CVP relations

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Managers more interested in: Sales level needed to earn a target profit Profits they can expect to earn How many products or service events must be sold to earn a specific operating profit Use either method Set operating profit equal to desired profit 29

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Graph provides a picture that shows how changes in the levels of sales will affect profits Four steps: 1.Choose a sales volume and plot the point for total sales revenue at that volume 2.Draw the fixed cost line 3.Draw the total cost line (total costs are the sum of variable costs plus fixed costs) 4.Identify the breakeven point and the areas of operating income and loss 30

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Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Consider the following facts: 32 ABC Number of units1,3003, Sale price per unit$100$40$125 Variable costs per unit Total fixed costs72,00060,00040,000 Target operating income180,00075,000100,000 Calculate: Contribution margin per unit Contribution margin ratio Breakeven points in units Breakeven point in sales dollars Units to achieve target operating income

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Consider the following facts: 33 ABC Number of units1,3003,6007.,00 Sale price per unit$100$40$125 Variable costs per unit Total fixed costs72,00060,00040,000 Target operating income180,00075,000100,000 Calculate: Contribution margin per unit$60$30$25 Contribution margin ratio60%75%20% Breakeven points in units1,2002,0001,600 Breakeven point in sales dollars$120,000$80,000$200,000 Units to achieve target operating income4,2004,5005,600

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. John Kyler is considering starting a Web-based educational business, e-Prep MBA. He plans to offer a short-course review of accounting for students entering MBA programs. The materials would be available on a password-protected Web site; students would complete the course through self-study. Kyler would have to grade the course assignments, but most of the work is in developing the course materials, setting up the site, and marketing. Unfortunately, Kyler’s hard drive crashed before he finished his financial analysis. However, he did recover the following partial CVP chart: 1. Label each axis, the sales revenue line, the total costs line, the fixed costs, the operating income area, and the breakeven point. 2. If Kyler attracts 300 students to take the course, will the venture be profitable? 3. What are the breakeven sales in students and dollars? 34

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. 1.Label each axis, the sales revenue line, the total costs line, the fixed costs, the operating income area, and the breakeven point. 2. If Kyler attracts 300 students to take the course, will the venture be profitable? 3. What are the breakeven sales in students and dollars? 35 Sales Revenue Total Cost Fixed Cost Operating income Breakeven Will not be profitable. Possible loss of $8,000 Breakeven at 400 students, $40,000 in sales

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Use CVP methods to perform sensitivity analysis

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Predict how changes in sale prices, cost, or volume affect profits “What-if?” analysis Allows managers to see how various business strategies affect profits Changing selling price Changing variable Costs Changing fixed Costs 37

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. How will the lower sale price affect the breakeven point? Lower price yields higher unit sales to breakeven Higher prices yields lower unit sales to breakeven 38

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. How will increased costs affect the breakeven point? Higher cost yields higher unit sales to breakeven Lower cost yields lower unit sales to breakeven 39

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. How will the increased fixed costs affect the breakeven point? Higher fixed costs yields higher unit sales to breakeven Lower fixed costs yields lower unit sales to breakeven 40

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Exhibit 41

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Excess of expected sales over breakeven sales Cushion, drop in sales, a company can absorb without incurring a loss Margin of safety in units Margin of safety in dollars 42

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Story Park competes with Splash World by providing a variety of rides. Story sells tickets at $50 per person as a one-day entrance fee. Variable costs are $10 per person, and fixed costs are $240,000 per month. 1. Suppose Story Park cuts its ticket price from $50 to $40 to increase the number of tickets sold. Compute the new breakeven point in tickets and in sales dollars. 43 Units sold = ($240, ) ÷ ($40 - $10) Units sold = $240,000 ÷ $30 = 8,000 units to breakeven $320,000 sales dollars to breakeven

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Story Park competes with Splash World by providing a variety of rides. Story sells tickets at $50 per person as a one-day entrance fee. Variable costs are $10 per person, and fixed costs are $240,000 per month. 2. Ignore the information in Requirement 1. Instead, assume that Story Park increases the variable cost from $10 to $20 per ticket. Compute the new breakeven point in tickets and in sales dollars. 44 Units sold = ($240, ) ÷ ($50 - $20) Units sold = $240,000 ÷ $30 = 8,000 units to breakeven = $400,000 in sales dollars

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Story Park competes with Splash World by providing a variety of rides. Story sells tickets at $50 per person as a one-day entrance fee. Variable costs are $10 per person, and fixed costs are $240,000 per month. 1. If Story Park expects to sell 6,200 tickets, compute the margin of safety in tickets and in sales dollars. 45 Expected sales - Breakeven sales = Margin of safety in units 6,200 – 6,000 = 200 in units Margin of safety in units x Sales price = Margin of safety in dollars 200 units x $50 = $10,000

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Distinguish between variable costing and absorption costing

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Absorption costing: Considers fixed manufacturing costs as inventoriable product costs Variable costing: Considers fixed manufacturing costs as period costs (expenses) 47

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Type of CostAbsorption CostingVariable Costing Product Costs (capitalized as Inventory until expensed as Cost of goods sold) Direct materials Direct labor Variable manufacturing overhead Fixed manufacturing overhead Direct materials Direct labor Variable manufacturing overhead Period Costs (expensed in period incurred) Variable nonmanufacturing costs Fixed nonmanufacturing costs Fixed manufacturing overhead Variable nonmanufacturing costs Fixed nonmanufacturing costs Income Statement Format Conventional income statement Contribution margin income statement 48

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Variable costs are those costs that increase or decrease in total as the volume of activity increases or decreases. Fixed costs are costs that do not change over wide ranges of volume. Costs that have both variable and fixed components are called mixed costs. 49

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. The breakeven point is the sales level at which operating income is zero—total revenues equal total costs. The breakeven point can be found by using the income statement approach, using zero for operating income. The breakeven point can also be found by dividing total fixed cost by the contribution margin per unit (sales price per unit – variable cost per unit). Breakeven analysis can be used to calculate the sales volume needed to earn a certain amount of profit, called target profit. Target profit is the operating income that results when sales revenue minus variable costs and minus fixed costs equals management’s profit goal. 50

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Graphing various activity levels and costs gives a visual representation of operating levels that generate net income and operating levels that result in net loss. Sensitivity analysis is a “what if” technique that asks what results are likely if selling price or costs change or if an underlying assumption changes. The income statement approach to breakeven is just adjusted for the new proposed values. The margin of safety is the “cushion” or drop in sales that the company can absorb before incurring a loss. 51

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Most companies sell more than one product. Selling price and variable costs differ for each product, so each product makes a different contribution to profits. To calculate break even for each product, we compute the weighted-average contribution margin of all the company’s products. The combination of products that make up total sales, called the sales mix (or product mix), provides the weights that make up total product sales. 52

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. Variable costing assigns only variable manufacturing costs to products. Fixed manufacturing costs are considered period costs and are expensed immediately because the company incurs these fixed costs whether or not it produces any products or services. In variable costing, fixed manufacturing costs are not treated as product costs. Management accountants often prefer variable costing because contribution margin is readily apparent on the variable costing income statement. 53

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. 54 Copyright All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.