Organelle Structure and function

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Presentation transcript:

Organelle Structure and function Advanced Higher Biology Cell and molecular Biology

Activity Copy and complete the following table organelle Structure Function Plasma membrane Nucleus Mitochondria Chloroplasts Nucleolus

Activity Copy and complete the following table. organelle Structure Function Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth E. R. Golgi apparatus Ribosomes Lysosomes

Activity Copy and complete the following table organelle Structure Function Nuclear envelope Cilia Centrioles

Nucleus

Function of the nucleus Acts as the control centre of the cell through the production of mRNA and protein synthesis Retain genetic material of the cell (DNA / chromosomes) Manufacture rRNA and ribosomes Start the process of cell division

Structure of Nucleus Nuclear envelope Nuclear pores Controls entry and exit of materials Contain reactions Outer membrane continuous with endoplasmic reticulum Nuclear pores Passage of large molecules (mRNA) out of nucleus

Structure of Nucleus Nucleoplasm Chromatin nucleolus DNA and associated proteins, chromatin condenses into chromosomes when the cell divides. nucleolus Manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles the ribosomes

Chloroplasts

Structure and Function of Chloroplasts Chloroplast envelope Entry and exit of substances Stroma Enzymes for the light independent stages of photosynthesis Grana (thylakoids/lamellae) Light dependent stage of photosynthesis Starch grains Temporary stores of carbohydrates

Mitochondria

Function of Mitochondria Site of Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation in aerobic respiration Production of energy rich ATP molecules from carbohydrates

Structure of Mitochondria Double membrane Inner membrane folded into cristae which provide a large surface area for attachment of stalked particles (contain enzymes involved in ATP synthesis) Matrix DNA, enzymes and mitochondrial ribosomes

Endoplasmic reticulum

Endoplasmic reticulum Membranes spreading through the cytoplasm of cells, continuous with the nuclear membrane Enclose flattened sacs called cisternae Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes present on outer surface of membrane Smooth endoplasmic reticulum No ribosomes, tubular in appearance.

Function of endoplasmic reticulum RER Provide LSA for synthesis of proteins Provides a pathway for the transport of materials (esp. proteins) throughout the cell. SER Synthesis, stores and transports lipids and carbohydrates Contains lytic enzymes (liver cells)

Ribosomes

Structure and function of ribosomes Two types 80S – eukaryotic cells 70S – prokaryotic cells Make up 25% of dry mass of cell Important in protein synthesis

Golgi Apparatus

Functions of Golgi Apparatus Adds carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins Produces secretory enzymes Secretes carbohydrates Transports, modifies and stores lipids Forms lysosomes

Lysosomes

Functions of Lysosomes Destroy foreign material inside or outside the cell. Breakdown material ingested by phagocytic cells Release enzymes outside the cell Digest worn out organelles (autophagy) Autolysis break down cells after they have died.

Cell surface (plasma) membrane

Functions of cell surface membrane Controls movement of substances into and out of the cell Forms a recognition site for immune system Receptor sites for specific hormones and neurotransmitters Folded to form villi (LSA) Helps cells attach to one another and forms tissues

Cilia

Structure and function of cilia Threads that extend from cell surface Made of nine sets of 3 microtubules Move an entire organism Move material within an organism E.g. cilia lining respiratory tract move mucus towards the throat.

Centrioles

Structure and function of centrioles Hollow cylinders of microtubules Microtubules form spindle fibres for nuclear division Maybe involved in formation of microtubules that make up cells cytoskeleton