Biology Unit Exam Review

Microscope Total Magnification= eyepiece X objective X 40= High Power

Key Terms for Microscope 3. Magnification: see first slide for total magnification 4. Resolution: show two points that are close together as separate images 5. Slide moves to left, image appears to move to the right

Parts of the Microscope 1. Ocular/Eyepiece 2. Fine Adjustment Knob 3. Objective Lenses 4. Diaphragm 5. Base 6. Light Source 7. Stage 8. Arm

Fine vs Coarse Adjustment 7. Course Adjustment Knob- moves lenses 7. Course Adjustment Knob- moves lenses 8. Course- low power 8. Course- low power Fine- High Power Fine- High Power

MAKE SURE THAT YOU KNOW THE DIAGRAM OF THE MICROSCOPE AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE

Scientific Method

Steps of Sci Method: ProblemHypothesis Testing Hypothesis (procedure) Record Data (# or details) Analyze and Form Conclusions Replicate Work

Variables Controlled Experiment: Two groups differ by one factor; control is present Control vs Experimental Group: Experimental group has something changed (i.e. amount of light, etc)

Variables Independent Variables: Changed by scientist to see what happens Dependent Variable: Changes in response to the change the scientist makes to the independent variable.

Determine the Different Variables Does fertilizer make a plant grow? Does fertilizer make a plant grow? Two spider plants are placed in separate pots. One plant is given fertilizer and the other plant is not. Both plants are measured daily. Two spider plants are placed in separate pots. One plant is given fertilizer and the other plant is not. Both plants are measured daily. Identify Independent, Dependent, and control group Identify Independent, Dependent, and control group

Answers INDEPENDENT: Amount of fertilizer INDEPENDENT: Amount of fertilizer DEPENDENT: Growth of plant DEPENDENT: Growth of plant CONTROLLED: Plant not receiving fertilizer CONTROLLED: Plant not receiving fertilizer

Chemistry

Atomic Number, Atomic Mass Atomic #: # of protons in the nucleus Atomic Mass: sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Example: Oxygen Atomic #: 8 Atomic Mass: 16 Determine the # of protons, neutrons, and electrons

ANSWER Protons: 8 Protons: 8 Electrons: 8 Electrons: 8 Neutrons: 16-8= 8 Neutrons: 16-8= 8

Charges Protons: + Electons: - Neutrons: neutral

Neutral Atom Neutral atom has no charge; so number of protons and electrons would be equal

Ions Charged atom Charged atom Charge can be either positive or negative…how does this form? Charge can be either positive or negative…how does this form?

ANSWER Positive Ion: excess positive charge ( more protons) Positive Ion: excess positive charge ( more protons) Negative Ion: excess negative charge (more electrons) Negative Ion: excess negative charge (more electrons)

Positive or Negative Ion? Isotope of potassium has 19 protons and 21 electrons. What is its charge?

ANSWER NEGATIVE NEGATIVE

Covalent Bonds Bond formed by sharing electrons

Ionic Bond Bond that forms by transferring the electrons; can create an electrical attraction

Elements, Compound, Mixture Elements: substance made up of one kind of atom (i.e. oxygen) Compound: made up of two or more elements (i.e. water) Mixture: substances that are mixed without forming a new chemical bond (i.e. saltwater)

2H 2 O + O H 2 O 2 Atoms= hydrogen, oxygen Reactants: 2H 2 O + O 2 Products: 2H 2 O 2 Atoms: 8 Hydrogen, 8 Oxygen

Chemical Formula Tells you the type and amount of atoms EX: H 2 SO 4 2 hydrogen, 1 sulfur, and 4 oxygen

H 2 SO 4 Atoms: Hydrogen, Sulfur, Oxygen Atoms: Hydrogen, Sulfur, Oxygen H= 2 H= 2 S=1 S=1 O=4 O=4

pH Scale pH runs from 1-14 pH runs from is neutral 7 is neutral Below 7  acidic (with 1 being more acidic) Below 7  acidic (with 1 being more acidic) Above 7  basic with 14 being most basic Above 7  basic with 14 being most basic

Neutralization Reaction Reaction that occurs when acids and bases are combined to form water and salt Reaction that occurs when acids and bases are combined to form water and salt EX: NaOH + HCl----NaCl + H2O EX: NaOH + HCl----NaCl + H2O

Solution & Its Parts Substances are spread evenly throughout the mixture Substances are spread evenly throughout the mixture EX: Air- comprised of N, O, CO2 EX: Air- comprised of N, O, CO2 Two parts: Two parts: a. Solvent: substance that a solute is dissolved in b. Solutes: substance that is dissolved in a solvent

Biochemistry

Organic Compounds Compounds that contain carbon and occur naturally only in the bodies and products of an organism Compounds that contain carbon and occur naturally only in the bodies and products of an organism

Monomer vs. Polymer Monomer- 1 sugar Monomer- 1 sugar Polymer- 2+ sugars; can contain 100 or 1000 sugars Polymer- 2+ sugars; can contain 100 or 1000 sugars

Macromolecule Another name given to organic compound because they are very large compounds Another name given to organic compound because they are very large compounds

Monomers Carbs: sugar Carbs: sugar Proteins: amino acids Proteins: amino acids Nucleic Acid: nucleotide Nucleic Acid: nucleotide Skip question #6 Skip question #6

Examples of Carbohydrates Anything that ends with –ose (maltose, fructose, glucose) Anything that ends with –ose (maltose, fructose, glucose)

Examples: Lipids Lipids Fats, oils, waxes Fats, oils, waxes Proteins Proteins Enzymes Enzymes Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids DNA, RNA DNA, RNA

Classify: A. carb A. carb B. carb B. carb C. Lipids C. Lipids D. Lipids D. Lipids E. Lipids E. Lipids F. Nucleic Acids F. Nucleic Acids G. Nucleic Acids G. Nucleic Acids H. Proteins H. Proteins I-K. Carb I-K. Carb Disaccaharide: Disaccaharide: 2 sugars (maltose) Polypeptide: Polypeptide: 2+ amino acids connected by peptide bonds

Polar vs. Nonpolar Water is polar Water is polar Polar molecule: a molecule that has a partial positive and partial negative charge Polar molecule: a molecule that has a partial positive and partial negative charge Only polar substances will dissolve in water; non polar will not. Only polar substances will dissolve in water; non polar will not.

Enzymes 12/13. Proteins that are necessary for life 14. It is a catalyst, which causes a reaction to occur 15.pH, temperature affect enzymes 16. Substance that is broken down by enzyme 17. Area where substrate binds

The Cell: Make sure you know the diagrams on plant and animal cells

Cell Theory 1. All living things are composed of one or more cells 1. All living things are composed of one or more cells 2. Cells are organisms’ basic units of structure and function 2. Cells are organisms’ basic units of structure and function 3. Cells come only from existing cells 3. Cells come only from existing cells

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotes: Lack any internal membrane bound structures (most organelles) and nucleus Prokaryotes: Lack any internal membrane bound structures (most organelles) and nucleus Ex: bacteria Ex: bacteria Eukaryotes: have nucleus; plants & animals Eukaryotes: have nucleus; plants & animals

Cell Membrane Also called Plasma Membrane Also called Plasma Membrane Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes Plants & Animals Plants & Animals Function: controls what enter and leaves the cell Function: controls what enter and leaves the cell

Cell Wall Found in bacteria and plants Found in bacteria and plants Made of cellulose Made of cellulose Function: gives cells its shape and protection Function: gives cells its shape and protection

Nucleus & Nuclear Envelope Only in eukaryotes Only in eukaryotes Function: Control center for metabolism and reproduction Function: Control center for metabolism and reproduction Surrounded by a nuclear envelope that is selectively permeable Surrounded by a nuclear envelope that is selectively permeable

Nucleolus Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Function: makes ribosomes Function: makes ribosomes

Cytoplasm Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes Jelly-like substance in between cell membrane and nucleus Jelly-like substance in between cell membrane and nucleus Function: metabolism; holds organelles in place Function: metabolism; holds organelles in place

Endoplasmic Reticulum Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Function: highway of cell; moves material from one end to the next Function: highway of cell; moves material from one end to the next

Two Types: Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): ribosomes attached Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): ribosomes attached Smooth ER: no ribosomes Smooth ER: no ribosomes

Ribosomes Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Function: makes proteins Function: makes proteins

Golgi Complex Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Flattened stack of pancakes Flattened stack of pancakes Modify and transport proteins to parts of the cell Modify and transport proteins to parts of the cell

Lysosomes Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Garbage disposal; break down food or bacteria Garbage disposal; break down food or bacteria

Mitochondria Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Powerhouse of cell Powerhouse of cell Produces energy for the cell Produces energy for the cell

Vacuoles Plants: one large Plants: one large Animals: several small that digest food or remove excess water (similar to sponge) Animals: several small that digest food or remove excess water (similar to sponge)

Cilia & Flagella Involved in cell movement Involved in cell movement Cilia: usually in animals Cilia: usually in animals Flagella: usually one whip like structure found in unicellar organisms Flagella: usually one whip like structure found in unicellar organisms

Microtubules & Microfilaments Involved in cell movement and shape Involved in cell movement and shape Forms the cell’s cytoskeleton Forms the cell’s cytoskeleton Eukaryotes Eukaryotes

Centrioles Involved in cell division Involved in cell division Animals only Animals only

Plastids Plants only Plants only Two types: Two types: 1. Leucoplasts: starch storage 2. Chromoplasts: pigments for color

Choloroplast Type of chromoplast Type of chromoplast Contains chlorophyll; site for photosynthesis Contains chlorophyll; site for photosynthesis Plants only Plants only

Phospholipid Bilayer

Selectively Permeable Only allows certain things to enter or exit Only allows certain things to enter or exit EX: Cell Membrane EX: Cell Membrane

Organization Cell Cell Tissue Tissue Organ (stomach, pancreas, liver) Organ (stomach, pancreas, liver) Organ System (respiratory, circulatory) Organ System (respiratory, circulatory) Organism (human, dog, cat) Organism (human, dog, cat)

Tissue vs. Organ Tissue: group of cells that serve the same function Tissue: group of cells that serve the same function Organ: group of tissues that serve the same function Organ: group of tissues that serve the same function

Cell Transport

Active vs. Passive Active Active Energy Required Energy Required Moves from low concentration to high concentration Moves from low concentration to high concentration Passive Passive No energy required Moves from high concentration to low concentration

Diffusion Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration Passive Transport Passive Transport

Diffusion

Concentration Gradient Occurs when there is a difference between high and low concentration Occurs when there is a difference between high and low concentration

Equilibrium Same amount is inside and outside the cell Same amount is inside and outside the cell

Osmosis Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration Passive Passive

Plasmolysis vs. Cytolysis Plasmolysis: shrinking of cytoplasm (result of hypertonic solution) Cytolysis: cell explodes due to hypotonic solution

Turgor Pressue Increase of pressure in a plant due to water entering the cell via osmosis Increase of pressure in a plant due to water entering the cell via osmosis Plant cell will not explode because of cell wall Plant cell will not explode because of cell wall Greatest pressure in pure water Greatest pressure in pure water

Facilitated Diffusion Special transport proteins transport substance into or out of cell Special transport proteins transport substance into or out of cell Same as diffusion- movement from high to low concentration Same as diffusion- movement from high to low concentration

Endocytosis Transporting material into cell by vesicle Transporting material into cell by vesicleEX: Pinocytosis: small liquids are taken into cell by vesicle Pinocytosis: small liquids are taken into cell by vesicle Phagocytosis: solid particles ingested into cell by vesicles Phagocytosis: solid particles ingested into cell by vesicles

Exocytosis Transporting material out of cell by vesicle Transporting material out of cell by vesicle

Type of Solution Where is there more solute Where is there more solvent (water) What direction does water move What happens to the cell HypotonicInside cellOutside cellInsideCytolysis (explode) HypertonicOutside cellInside cellOutsidePlasmolysis (shrink) IsotonicEqual ConstantNothin

Let’s Do Examples Look at the examples on the board and determine which way the water will move and what will happen to the cell. Look at the examples on the board and determine which way the water will move and what will happen to the cell.