A tumor showing angiogenesis 9.4: CANCER (31.6) Compare benign and malignant tumors Explain how cancer treatments can work at the cellular level. Research and report on myriad types of cancer. A tumor showing angiogenesis

Cell division controls Cells grown in lab will grow across petri dish until they touch another cell or the edges Cyclin is a protein that regulates cell growth Other proteins control the steps of cell cycle thus control growth

How cancer relates to mitosis Cancer is the uncontrolled division of cells Cancerous cells do not respond to normal growth controls, grow until all food is gone Thought to be caused by changes in genes controlling mitosis Form masses of tissues called tumors Can be caused by smoking, pollution, radiation, some viruses and some are inherited

Compare diploid and haploid number Diploid: cell that contains two of each kind of chromosome (2N) Body cells are diploid Haploid: cell with only one kind of chromosome (N) Gametes (sex cells) are haploid

Apoptosis – cell “suicide” Cancer Cells gone wild Cell loses mechanisms to control mitosis Cell divides rapidly Cell produces daughter cells that are not functional, normal clones Cancer cells have no function in body Apoptosis – cell “suicide”

Cancer Cells Crazy, hungry, dysfunctional beasts Display “non-self” antigens T cells and B cells attack

Tumors Tumors develop when immune surveillance breaks down or is overwhelmed. Growth of tissue forms an abnormal mass. Tumors generally provide no useful function and grow at the expense of healthy tissues.

Biopsy a slice of tumor is examined under a microscope.

BIOPSY

Biopsy A biopsy is the removal of a sample of tissue from the body for examination. The tissue will be examined under a microscope to assist in diagnosis. Only very small samples are needed.

After Biopsy: 2 Types of Tumors Benign The cells are semi-normal Has no signs of cancer. The growth of the cells in the tumor (cyst or lump) is under control. There is no spread to nearby tissue or to other parts of the body (metastasis) The patient is unlikely to die from this type of cancer Malignant The cells are deformed, malfunctioning aberrations. Also know as a neoplasm or carcinoma Faster-growing and likely to spread to other parts of the body and cause problems. Malignant tumors are what we call cancer.

2 Types of Tumors CANCER

Benign Tumors Slow growing & often wrapped by connective tissue

Benign Tumors

Malignant Tumors

Secondary Cancers Cancer cells have spread to other tissues/organs from a cancer that began elsewhere in the body. The original cancer is described as a primary cancer Where it spreads is referred to as secondaries or metastases. Frequent sites: brain, lung, liver, bone. Can be caused by radiotherapy damage to healthy cells.

Angiogenesis Tumor angiogenesis is a continuous and important process in tumor development. The tumor attempts to gain an independent blood supply.

Metastasis movement or spreading of cancer cells from one organ or tissue to another

Early detection greatly increases cancer survival rates because there is less time for metastasis to happen.

Cancer kills the tissues, organs, systems, and ultimately, the Body Brain cancer disables the brain… Liver cancer disables the liver… Lung cancer disables the lungs… …And if it spreads (metastasis), lung cancer cells grow in your brain, in your kidneys….

Cancer Treatments The earlier cancer is detected, the less likely it has spread (metastasis), and the more likely it can be defeated. Radiation Chemotherapy Surgery Immunotherapy Holistic Techniques Effective cancer treatment usually involves a combination of treatments.

Radiation (radiotherapy) Given to about 60% of all cancer patients, but it can inflict significant damage on healthy normal tissues. Radiation therapy damages cancer cell DNA to prevent successful division into more cancer cells or to trigger cancer cell apoptosis

Radiotherapy Equipment Radiation therapy can be delivered from both external or internal sources, may be high or low dose, and is often delivered with computer-assisted accuracy to the site of the tumor.

Radiotherapy Brachytherapy places the source of radiation directly into the tumor as temporarily implanted ribbons and seeds or as permanently implanted seeds.

Radiation (radiotherapy) Newer radiotherapy technologies, such as stereotactic radiosurgery, which uses tightly focused x-rays or gamma rays to target tumors without widespread irradiation of surrounding tissues, may improve radiotherapy results. Stereostatic radiosurgery is also known as the “Gamma knive”.

Radiation (radiotherapy) Side effects.. Can cause secondary cancers after the primary cancer has been treated, which typically occur several years later. Other secondary diseases such as pneumonitis, digestive failures, and radiation fibrosis may also occur.

Pneumonitis When high-energy rays are used to damage cancer cells and stop them from growing and dividing, it is inevitable that normal cells are also affected. Especially after radiation treatments for tumors within the chest or the breast, the lungs may become inflamed. The lung inflammation from radiotherapy is termed radiation pneumonitis. Radiotherapy is usually given on an outpatient basis in a hospital or clinic 5 days a week for several weeks. Radiation pneumonitis tends to show up 2 weeks to 6 months after the end of radiotherapy. Symptoms of radiation pneumonitis include shortness of breath, cough and fever. Blood testing usually shows an abnormal white blood count and signs that inflammation may be present somewhere in the body. Radiation pneumonitis is often reversible with medications that reduce inflammation, such as the cortisone drugs (prednisone and others). If radiation pneumonitis persists, it can lead to scarring of the lungs, a condition called radiation fibrosis. Radiation fibrosis typically occurs a year after the completion of radiation treatments. Radiation fibrosis is usually not reversible.

Using drugs to target and kill cancer cells Chemotherapy Using drugs to target and kill cancer cells

Immunotherapy Somehow stimulate your immune system to target, attack, and kill tumor cells

Immunotherapy

Unit 4 – Quiz #3 What is the uncontrolled growth of cells called? a. cancer b. cyclin c. mutation If cells stop growing when the touch other cells they are ______ cells. a. cancerous b. mutated c. normal Body cells contain 2N number of chromosomes. They are ? a. diploid b. haploid Sex cells contain N number of chromosomes. They are ? A plant has 40 chromosomes in the body cells. How many would be in the sex cells? a. 20 b. 40 c. 80

Part 2 Quiz – Next Class Mitosis: identify pictures of each phase, explain what is happening, name cell cycle steps in correct order (IPMATC) Meiosis: explain what happens, what you end up with, diploid/haploid Cancer: what happens in the cell SA#1: Differences between Meiosis & Mitosis (chart to fill in) SA#2: Causes of cancer

Cancer Online Review Cancer Animations 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 CancerQuest; American Cancer Society Cancer Warrior Activity U.S. National Cancer Institute: Types of Treatment Chemotherapy 1, 2, 3 Radiotherapy 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Cancer Immunotherapy 1, 2, 3 Liver Cancer Treatment; Colon Cancer Cancer Treatment Side Effects 1, 2, 3 Cancer/Cell Cycle 1 General Cancer Quiz 1, 2, 3 , 4

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