I NTERACTIONS & E COSYSTEMS Cycles in the Environment

T HE C YCLE OF L IFE Everything and everyone is cycled back into the environment What is the life cycle of a dead tree?

T HE C ARBON C YCLE Plankton, microscopic plants, animals, etc … what do they have in common? They are all made carbon! What is carbon?

C ARBON It is an element on the periodic table Can you spot it?

C ARBON It is an element on the periodic table Can you spot it? Considered the building block of life by many Why? Found in DNA Required for photosynthesis Required for cellular respiration Key factor in fossil fuels

B ACK TO THE C ARBON C YCLE As carbon is a major component of life it is cycled through the environment Over time, and great pressure, decomposing plankton, plants, etcetera do what? Turn into fossil fuels! They still have carbon! Enter the Carbon Cycle

T HE C ARBON C YCLE The process in which carbon is used and reused through environment!

T HE W ATER C YCLE What do we know about water? All living things require water! Did you know …

T HE W ATER C YCLE So what is the water cycle? The continuous movement of water through an ecosystem! There are 4 main processes … First two processes Water into atmosphere Evaporation & Transpiration Second two processes Water back to Earth Condensation & Precipitation

W ATER C YCLE K EY T ERMS

P OLLUTION & E NVIRONMENT Pollution When a substance is added to the environment at such a fast rate that it cannot be broken down stored or recycled Pollutants Substances that cause pollution What are some examples of pollutants?

P OLLUTION & E NVIRONMENT Acid Rain What is it? What caused it? When we burn fossil fuels nitrogen and phosphorus are released as waste As they are released they mix with water vapour This causes the water vapour to be acidic We have acid rain What can this cause/do to ecosystem?

P OLLUTION & E NVIRONMENT

M OVEMENT OF P OLLUTANTS Many different pollutants moving through the environment constantly Examples… PCBs (old paint/packaging material) Mercury (mining, thermometers, disposed as waste) DDT (pesticide from the 40s-60s) The question is how do they get around?

B IOACCUMULATION They move from level to level in the food web Stored essentially like food energy is Classic example: Mercury in fish …

I NTERACTIONS & E COSYSTEMS Succession and Change in Ecosystems

S UCCESSION succession The gradual process by which some species replace other species is called succession Primary Succession The gradual growth of organisms in an area as they become established and grow. They change the conditions of the area but it can take hundreds or even thousands of years to occur. Secondary Succesion The growth of organisms over a long period of time, which happens after a disaster. The area was formerly home to different species.

S PECIES & A DAPTATIONS When we cleared out land for human resources (farms, roads, etc …) we did not do good for everyone  Song birds: Warbler & Vireos were affectedWarblerVireos How? They did not adapt very well while another bird, Brown-Headed Cowbird, thrived Brown-Headed Cowbird How? The BHC laid its eggs in the other birds nest because it needed space and loves open spaces They hatch and push the other birds/eggs out Bye bye birdy!

S PECIES & A DAPTATIONS C ONT … What are adaptations you may have noticed? Hint: What is this? Coyotes! They are being forced from their environments because … We are taking it over We are taking over the areas their prey live in This forces them to live closer to humans This is dangerous!

P EST C ONTROL Using pesticides is not good Why? bioaccumulation Aside from potential bioaccumulation …? It kills other species in the area! What is the pest we are killing the most, inadvertently, which is causing problems for us?

B IOLOGICAL C ONTROLS This is the addition of a new species to eliminate an unwanted species Cassidy’s Example: You have a gorilla problem You introduce a herd of T-Rexs They eat the gorillas No more gorilla problem

I NTRODUCE S PECIES Introducing a new species to a new environment Tons of research goes into this before it is done to weight the pros & cons Famous examples of accidentally/intentionally introduce species? Starlings Purple Loosetrife

S PECIES IN D ANGER Being extinct = no longer existing Most common reasons? Loss of habitat Hunted Introduced species The Canadian List of Endangered Species