World History: The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 22 The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851

Objectives Understand the causes of the Industrial Revolution in England, Europe, and the United States. Be able to describe the technological innovations that spurred industrialization. Be able to describe the social, economic, and environmental impact of the Industrial Revolution and to make connections between the impact of the Industrial Revolution and the ideological and political responses. Understand the relationship between the industrialized world and the nonindustrialized world as demonstrated in the cases of Russia, Egypt, and India.

Early Industrial Revolution dramatic innovations manufacturing, mining transportation, communication changes in society and commerce Causes population growth reliable food source, disease resistance urban migration agricultural revolution potato and maize “enclosure movement” trade and invention “putting-out system” Diderot, Eli Whitney openness to innovation Why the British?

Early Industrial Revolution Great Britain had all three requirements implementation of ideas embracing of capitalism world’s largest merchant marine international commerce cost of transport political atmosphere less centralized low tariffs societal structure less classism weak guilds Europe 1799-1815 European instability post 1815 ‘imported’ English expertise British economic model

Early Industrial Revolution Technological Revolution mass production division of labor Josiah Wedgwood – 1759 lower costs, improve quality mechanization cotton industry import of raw fiber Richard Arkwright – 1769 water frame productivity and price iron supply limited wood supply Abraham Darby – 1709 coke replaces charcoal cheaper, plentiful Crystal Palace - 1851 interchangeable parts – 1850s

Early Industrial Revolution Technological Revolution steam engine most revolutionary invention James Watt – 1769 C:\Documents and Settings\tfredrickson\Desktop deep mines transportation link boats canal building railroads towns, industry electric telegraph Samuel Morse – 1837 submarine telegraph - 1851 communications link smaller world Impact Europeans and Americans empowerment

Early Industrial Revolution Impact urban population growth 1850 London: 2.5M overcrowding disease rickets C:\Documents and Settings\tfredrickson\Desktop\rickets.htm inadequate municipal service lack of zoning rural issues deforestation soil depletion transportation systems roads, canals, railroads

Early Industrial Revolution Working Conditions industrial jobs long, repetitive, boring little sense of achievement no control women removed from home textile or domestic 1/3 – 1/2 income Lowell Textile Mills dormitory living children no public schools same long hours hard to make ends meet

Early Industrial Revolution Society Changes obsolete industries effect of business cycles wild swings supply and demand 1850s: rise in standard of living manufacturing entrepreneurs rise of the middle class ‘cult of domesticity’ Continuity poor remain the same drunkenness, violence

Early Industrial Revolution Politics / Economics laissez faire – “let them do” Adam Smith - 1776 “The Wealth of Nations” govt. / guild restrictions Thomas Malthus population boom problem utilitarianism “dismal science” government economic legislation socialism positivism communes of the poor utopian socialism Charles Fourier worker communes C:\Documents and Settings\tfredrickson\Desktop reform 1830-40s: legacy of labor organizing Factory Act of 1833 – child labor laws