Don’t Forget the Memory… Dean Klein, VP Memory System Development Micron Technology, Inc.

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Memory is Everywhere

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 One size DOES NOT fit all…

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Question: How many different memories does your computer use?

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 The Evolving Memory Hierarchy Level 1 Cache Level 2 Cache Main Memory Disk NAND Flash Level 3 Cache Boot ROM

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Question: How many different memories does your cell phone use?

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 The Cell Phone Memory Hierarchy Instruction Cache Data Cache Boot ROM uSD Card NAND NAND Flash PSRAM or LPDRAM MCP

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 What is the Ideal Memory? Fast – to keep pace with processors Reliable – not susceptible to corruption Low cost – pennies per mm 2 Small – helps with low cost, but also for new platforms Embeddable – ability to be integrated with logic Low power – for dense systems and un-tethered systems Non-volatile – no power required to retain data

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Industry Reported Cell Sizes Cell Size (u 2 )Tech Node (nm)Cell size (F 2 )Endurance IBM/Infineon MRAM Excellent Freescale 6T-SRAM Excellent Intel 45nm 6T-SRAM Excellent Freescale TFS: Nanocrystaline Unknown Freescale eDRAM Excellent Samsung 512Mbit PRAM Device E7?? Micron 40-series DRAM Excellent Micron 60-series NAND Good

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Benefit of Shrinking The ability to fit more bits on a wafer, thereby reducing the cost of those bits. The ability to add features to a product, thereby increasing performance. The ability to lower the power of the device.

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 DRAM Operation

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 NAND Flash Memory The “ideal” memory? Non-volatile Small cells – Under 6F 2 Low cost process Scaleable? Wear issues? Slow writes Ideal for some applications

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 NAND Operation Control Gate traps electrons injected by Fowler-Nordheim tunneling. Voltages of up to 20V exist during cell programming. p-sub N-well p-well SourceDrain Control Gate

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 NAND Programming Operation Control Gate traps electrons injected by Fowler-Nordheim tunneling. Voltages of up to 20V exist during cell programming. p-sub N-well p-well Source Open Drain 0V Control Gate 20V 0V Cell is programmed to “0”

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 NAND Storage Operation Control Gate traps electrons injected by Fowler-Nordheim tunneling. Voltages of up to 20V exist during cell programming. p-sub N-well p-well Source Drain Control Gate Cell retains its “0” state

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 NAND Read Operation Control Gate traps electrons injected by Fowler-Nordheim tunneling. Voltages of up to 20V exist during cell programming. p-sub N-well p-well Source Reads 0V Drain 4.5V Control Gate 0V Cell read in “0” state

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 NAND Read Operation Control Gate traps electrons injected by Fowler-Nordheim tunneling. Voltages of up to 20V exist during cell programming. p-sub N-well p-well Source Reads >0V Drain 4.5V Control Gate 0V Cell read in “1” state

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Questions: In 1982, as the personal computer became successful, how many memory bits were there in a standard memory chip? In 2010 how many memory bits are in a leading edge standard NAND Flash memory chip?

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Questions: 1.How fast is the speed of light? 2.How far can light travel in the single “tick” of a 3GHz processor clock?

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 Question: How many ticks of the 3GHz processor clock does it take to access the average piece of data on a 7200RPM hard drive?

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Why SSD’s? Performance

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 SSDs in Computing 1L1 Cache1, L2 Cache1,400 1,200DRAM10 Relative Latency Relative Cost/bit CPU NAND Flash Closes the Latency Gap Cost/bit Data as of November ,000,000HDD1 NAND 25,000SSD3

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. 23 Why SSD’s? Performance Power

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. 24 Notebooks: SSD’s Can Improve Battery Life Power consumption decreases when solid state drives are used in today’s notebook computers. HDDSSD Power

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. 25 SSD: Power and Performance SSDs do more with less power

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. 26 Why SSD’s? Performance Power Reliability

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. 27 HDD & SSD in the Enterprise Server Market

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. 28 Why SSD’s? Performance Power Reliability New Form Factors

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. Innovative Platforms 29

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. 30 Memory Research Areas DRAM:  New materials, High-K gates, Low-K dielectrics  New structures: 3D transistors, lattices  New features: Ultra-high bandwidth, lower power New types:  MRAM  FeRAM  Polymer  Programmable conductor  Phase Change memory  ‘Nano’ (?)  Micromechanical/nano (Millipede)

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. 31

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. 32 Top 10 Reasons You Want to Be an Engineer 1.For the great memories! 2.It rationalizes why you always took things apart as a kid 3.You always were fascinated by trains 4.It sure beats flippin’ burgers! 5.You love calculus, differential equations, numerical analysis… 6.At least your computer listens to you 7.You would have been a doctor or a lawyer, but where’s the challenge? 8.You believe anything is possible 9.You’re going to get rich off that cold fusion project you have going in your bathtub 10.It’s logical

©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. Final Advice: Be a “T” person! 33

Questions?