Schools of Modern Psychology. Modern Psychology A. Psychoanalysis and Sigmund Freud (1920’s)‏ –Psychoanalysis is the first modern school of psychology.

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Schools of Modern Psychology

Modern Psychology A. Psychoanalysis and Sigmund Freud (1920’s)‏ –Psychoanalysis is the first modern school of psychology to emerge and it emphasized the importance of unconscious forces in the behavior of humans –Psychoanalysis is a deterministic model and has significant problems with regard to observation and whether or not the theory can be tested, i.e., “Is the theory falsifiable?” –Freud has had a profound influence on the entire field of psychology, sociology, criminal justice, and modern life in general! –Treatments?

B.Behaviorism Founded in the last 19 th Century hitting its in peak in the 1920's through the 1950's. - Based on the idea that all behavior is learned and that humans are a product of the learning environment. - Important contributors include Ivan Pavlov (1905), John Watson (1920's), and B.F. Skinner (1950's). - Quite a different theory than psychoanalysis rejecting mentalism, yet still a deterministic model. - Treatments?

C. Humanistic Psychology –Humanistic Psychology is a very broad field that encompasses many psychological theories. They all, however, emphasize the importance of free will and the human condition. –One major contribution is the development of psychological techniques. –These theories are in stark contrast to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis. –Treatments?

–Some of the important humanistic psychologies include; Humanistic Psychology (Sullivan, Rogers, & Maslow)‏ –Carl Rogers may have had the most significant impact developing what he called client-centered therapy in the 1950’s Gestalt Psychology (Kohler, Wertheimer, & Perl's)‏ –Gestalt psychologists discount structure and focus on the totality of perceptions. One cannot understand something by breaking it up into pieces…it must therefore be taken in total! Existential Psychology (Sartre, Frankl, Kierkegaard, & Yalom)‏ –Goal is to address the key “existential issues” of life (death, responsibility/freedom, isolation, meaningfulness, and loneliness.

Recent trends in psychology –D. Cognitive Psychology, the fourth school of psychology emphasizes the importance of mental activities, symbolic processing, learning, memory, thinking, and perception in normal and abnormal states. –Treatments? –E. Neuroscience is the most recent school of psychology and suggests that all behavior is rooted, in some way, to the functioning of the nervous system. If we understand the nervous system then we can understand how all behavior emerges! This field is growing so quickly that it is difficult to keep up with the literature Neuroscience departments appear to be replacing traditional psychology programs! Treatments?