© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 13 Psychotheraphy: Phenomenological & Humanistic-Existential Perspectives

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Client Centered Therapy Carl Rogers: originally a child clinician Phenomenology: an individual’s behavior is completely determined by his or her phenomenal field, or everything that is experienced by the person at any given point in time – Phenomenal self = “me”

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Client-Centered Therapy Theoretical propositions – Client as the experiential center – Reliance on self reporting – Self actualization: basic human tendency toward maintaining and improving oneself – Behavior = goal directed attempts to satisfy needs

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Client-Centered Therapy The “self”: awareness of one’s being and functioning Three possibilities following an experience: – Symbolized into some relationship to self – Ignored because it is irrelevant to self – Denied/distorted because it is inconsistent to self

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Client-Centered Therapy Principal condition – Complete absence of threat to self – Rationale for atmosphere of client-centered therapy Warm Accepting Permitting

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Features of Client-Centered Therapy Empathy – Understanding – Genuine, deep regard – Basis for therapeutic relationship Unconditional positive regard – Respect as a human being – Complete lack of judgment

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Features of Client-Centered Therapy Congruence – Expression of behavior, feelings, or attitudes stimulated by client – Clients respond favorably to genuineness – Open honesty

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Features of Client-Centered Therapy Attitude vs. technique – State of mind, not a set of techniques – Non-directive, allow for client self discovery – Self-fulfillment and health emphasized over destructive nature – Experience over empirical

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Features of Client-Centered Therapy Therapeutic process IS – Acceptance – Recognition – Clarification – Structuring It is NOT – Advice & information – Reassurance & persuasion – Questioning & interpreting

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Stages of Client-Centered Therapy Stage 1 – Unwillingness to reveal self – Rigid constructs Stage 2 – Some description of feelings – Still remote from self Stage 3 – Free flow expression of self – Questioning of construct validity

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Stages of Client-Centered Therapy Stage 4 – Free description of feeling of self – Loosening of personal constructs – Beginnings of self responsibility Stage 5 – Free expression & acceptance – Desire to be what one is

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Stages of Client-Centered Therapy Stage 6 – Acceptance of feelings, no denial – Risking relationships & acceptance Stage 7 – Experiencing self fully – Little incongruence – Checking validity of experience

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Client-Centered Therapy Diagnosis – Deemphasized/ avoided – Impedes autonomy and self-actualization This assumption needs scientific support – Focused on feelings themselves, not whether feelings are “correct”

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Client-Centered Therapy Other applications – Human relations training – Crisis centers – Person-centered approaches: client-centered approach outside the therapy room

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Client-Centered Therapy Positives of client centered therapy – Self determination over biological determination – Freedom of choice – Equal client/ therapist standing – Less emphasis on the past – Shorter durations – Emphasis on research in therapeutic process, methods, and outcomes

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Client-Centered Therapy Limitations of client centered therapy – Therapists cannot affect change; client inner potential “released” – Too intuitive? – Influence of therapist’s personal framework – Lacking empirical proof of superiority – Vague, idiosyncratic concepts – Needs external validation – Effectiveness potentially limited for less verbal, lower intellect clients

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Humanistic- Existential Movement Humanistic Perspective – Free choice & self actualization – Unified, whole, unique beings – Emphasis on health, not on sickness – Embrace essential humanity

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Humanistic- Existential Movement Existential Therapy – Search for a meaning – Philosophically rooted – Moving away from conformity – Social context – Inevitable choices

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Humanistic- Existential Movement Goals of therapy – Responsible decision making – Self awareness – Exercising cognitive abilities – Accepting responsibility

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Humanistic- Existential Movement Techniques – Techniques are not emphasized – Client is not an object – Therapy as an “encounter” or experience – Questioning leading to realization – Learning to focus on what is troubling and search for meaning

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Humanistic- Existential Movement Logotherapy – Search for meaning in the meaningless – Present and future outlook – Paradoxical intention: technique in which the client is told to consciously attempt to perform the very behavior or response that is the object of anxiety and concern – De-reflection: instructs the client to ignore a troublesome behavior or symptom

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Humanistic- Existential Movement Gestalt therapy – Emphasis on the present – Emotional connection with the self – Balance with the “unrealities” – Heterogeneous mix of techniques and ideas

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Humanistic- Existential Movement Gestalt therapy – Key aspects Therapist as a catalyst for change “Now= Experience= Awareness= Reality” Nonverbal clues Defenses as layers Gestalt games

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Humanistic- Existential Movement Rules of Gestalt – Always present tense – Communication between equals – “I” not “it” – The immediate experiences – No gossip – Discourages questions

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Humanistic- Existential Movement Moral precepts – Live now – Live here – Stop imagining – Stop unnecessary thinking – Direct expression – Aware of pleasant and unpleasant – Rejection of others “shoulds” and “nots” – Taking responsibility – Surrendering to what you really are

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Humanistic- Existential Movement Emotion Focused Therapy (EFT) – Integration of Gestalt and Client-Centered Therapy – Emotions are fundamentally adaptive and give our life experience its value, meaning, and direction – Emotional self regulation necessary for personal growth – Dysfunction = result of emotional impairment – Therapist provides supportive environment so patient can explore and transform emotional states

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Humanistic- Existential Movement Strengths – Experience is more than just data and quantification – Experiences and awareness paramount – Choices and free will emphasized – Focus on the now – Positive growth – Emphasis on therapeutic relationship

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Humanistic- Existential Movement Limitations – Prejudicial language – Over-emphasis on feelings – Phenomenal field is unique and hard to measure – Assessment de-emphasized – Techniques vague – Lack of comparative research – Obscure terminology