Chapter 11 Personality This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. ISBN:

Defining Personality and Traits. Personality –Distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behaviors, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual –Trait, Temperament –Person-situation controversy

Psychodynamic Theories Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory (Drives and instincts) Eros Thanatos Sexual, life-giving, and creative drive (energy = libido)

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Drives and instincts Eros Thanatos Aggressive and destructive drive (“death” instinct)

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Freudian slip – “Accidental” speech or behavior that reveals an unconscious desire Psychic determinism – Freud’s assumption that all mental and behavioral reactions are caused by earlier life experiences

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Early childhood experiences Oedipus complex Penis envy Fixation (stage of development)

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Personality structure Id Superego Ego Primitive, unconscious (basic drives and repressed memories)

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Personality structure Id Superego Ego (values, moral attitudes learned from parents and society) -conscience

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Personality structure Id Superego Ego Conscious, rational part of personality, keeps peace between superego and id

Defense Mechanisms Repression Projection Displacement Sublimation Regression Denial

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Projective tests – Personality assessment instruments Rorschach inkblot technique Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

The Rorschach Inkblot Test

Thematic Apperception Test

Collective unconscious – Involves a reservoir for instinctive “memories” (the archetypes) Personal unconscious – Portion of the unconscious corresponding roughly to Freud’s id Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious

Principle of opposites – Portrays each personality as a balance between opposing pairs of unconscious tendencies, such as introversion and extroversion

Three scientific failings. –Violating the principle of falsifiability. –Drawing universal principles from the experiences of a few atypical patients. –Basing theories of personality development on retrospective accounts and the fallible memories of patients. Evaluating Psychodynamic Theories

Humanistic Theories Abraham Maslow and the Healthy Personality Rollo May: existentialism-dangers of free will Carl Roger’s

Phenomenal field – Our psychological reality, composed of perceptions Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning Person Unconditional positive regard – Love or caring without conditions attached Incongruence- a sense of being out of touch with your feelings (neuroticism)

Evaluating Humanistic Theories Positive psychology – Focus on the desirable aspects of human functioning (Psychodynamic = Abnormal functioning)

Personality as a Composite of Traits Traits – Stable personality characteristics -individual difference -measurement -little role for ‘theory’

Patterns in Personality The “Big Five” traits –Extraversion –Agreeableness –Neuroticism –Openness to experience –Conscientiousness

Assessing Traits NEO-PI (Big Five Inventory) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)

Objective Personality Scales Answer a series of question about self –‘I am easily embarrassed’ T or F –‘I like to go to parties’ T or F Assumes that you can accurately report There are no right or wrong answers From responses, develop a picture of you called a ‘personality profile’

Social Learning and Personality Reciprocal determinism Process in which the person, behavior and environment mutually influence each other

Personality Assessment 1.Personal Interview: structured vs. open 2.Observation: interpretation, real-world 3.Objective tests: atheoretical, measurement, objective(?) 4.Projective tests: Inkblot, T.A.T.