Cell Introduction Prokaryotic Cell: A cell that is lacking a nucleus and most organelles Prokaryotic Cell: A cell that is lacking a nucleus and most organelles Eukaryotic Cell: A cell that contains a membrane bound nucleus and other membrane bound organelles. Eukaryotic Cell: A cell that contains a membrane bound nucleus and other membrane bound organelles. Organelles: “mini-organ” part of the cell with a specific job. Organelles: “mini-organ” part of the cell with a specific job.

Prokaryotic Cells A cell that lacks a nucleus A cell that lacks a nucleus Still has Genetic information (DNA) just not contained in the nucleus Still has Genetic information (DNA) just not contained in the nucleus Bacteria and archaea are two types of prokaryotic cells Bacteria and archaea are two types of prokaryotic cells These appear to be the earliest organisms on earth. These appear to be the earliest organisms on earth.

Eukaryotic Cells A cell with a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles. A cell with a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Genetic material is contained in the nucleus Genetic material is contained in the nucleus These are broken up into Plant cells and Animal cells These are broken up into Plant cells and Animal cells

Two Basic types Cell membrane cytoplasm Cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus Cell organelles Prokaryote Eukaryote

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Cell membrane Ribosomes Cell wall Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Compare and Contrast

Animal cell -Eukaryote

Plant cell - Eukaryote

Cell Theory The generalization that: The generalization that: all living things are composed of cells all living things are composed of cells cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. All cells come from existing cells All cells come from existing cells

Cell Organelles Organelle: “Mini” organ

Nucleus A large organelle that contains the cells genetic material (DNA) The “brain” of the cell Nuclear Envelope: a pair of membranes that surrounds the nucleus Nuclear pores: Holes or pores in the nuclear envelope that allow materials to leave the nucleus.

Chromatin Nucleolus Pore Nucleus Two membranes of nuclear envelope Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes

Ribosome A small organelle used to change DNA into proteins The “assembly line” of the cell Made up of proteins and nucleic acids Ribosomes are found on the outside of the Endoplasmic Reticulum and others are found floating in the cell.

Ribosome Smooth ER Rough ER Nuclear envelope Ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum An extensive network of membranes that builds cell materials Two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth ER Rough ER Nuclear envelope Ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough E.R. Has ribosomes attached to the outside of the membrane Creates proteins Smooth E.R. Does Not have ribosomes attached to the membrane Creates enzymes and lipids

Transport vesicle buds off Ribosome Polypeptide Glycoprotein Sugar chain Rough ER Secretary (glyco-) protein inside trans- port vesicle

Golgi Apparatus An organelle made up of a series of membrane sacks Makes changes and directs the materials created by the E.R. Like a shipping store that packs, directs, and ships materials.

“Receiving” side of Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle from ER New vesicle forming “Shipping” side of Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle from the Golgi

Plasma membrane Rough ER Lysosomes Transport vesicle (containing inactive hydrolytic enzymes) Golgi apparatus Engulfment of particle “Food” Food vacuole Digestion Lysosome engulfing damaged organelle

Vacuole A large membrane bound sack found inside of the cell Contractile Vacuole: Used to pump out excess water in cells Central Vacuole: Stores chemicals and helps plant growth.

LM 650  Central vacuole Nucleus Contractile vacuoles Nucleus Chloroplast Colorized TEM 8,700 

Lysosomes Membrane bound sack that contains digestive enzymes Lysosomes are used to break down macromolecules Breaks down incoming food Destroy harmful bacteria Recycle damaged organelles

Chloroplast A photosynthetic organelle found in plant cells Converts sunlight and CO2 into sugar and oxygen Chloroplast Stroma Inner and outer membranes Granum Intermembrane space TEM 9,750 

Mitochondria The organelle that creates energy for cells Uses glucose to create chemical energy (ATP) Found in plant and animal cells Creation of energy happens on the membranes inside of the mitochondria Mitochondrion Intermembrane space Outer membrane Inner membrane Cristae Matrix TEM 44,880 

Cytoplasm The entire region between the nucleus and plasma membrane A fluid filled space

Flagella and Cilia Flagella: a long, thin, whip-like structure Created with microtubules that allow a cell to move Cilia: smaller, and more numerous hair-like structures Created with bundles of microtubules

Outer microtubule doublet Central microtubules Radial spoke Dynein arms Plasma membrane Flagellum Electron micrographs of cross sections: Flagellum Basal body TEM 206,500  Basal body (structurally identical to centriole) TEM 206,500 

Plasma Membrane A thin outer layer of a cell Regulates the flow of molecules into and out of the cell Made up of a Phospholipid bilayer with membrane proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates embedded.

Outer microtubule doublet Central microtubules Radial spoke Dynein arms Plasma membrane Flagellum Electron micrographs of cross sections: Flagellum Basal body TEM 206,500  Basal body (structurally identical to centriole) TEM 206,500 

Cell Wall A strong layer outside of the plasma membrane, used to maintain shape in plant cells Cell wall is found only in certain bacteria and plant cells.