Need for Rural Energy Systems P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department An Ideal solution to an Unsolved Long-lasting Problem ….

Why RES ? A Pico Power Plant: < 30 kW. Rural Energy Systems are Pico Plants. No Standard technologies. Highly customized Designs. Low Profit Margins.

Gram Swaraj : A pivotal concept in Mahatama Gandhi's thinking The fundamental concept of Gram swaraj is that every village should be its own republic, "independent of its neighbours for its own vital wants and yet interdependent for many others in which dependence is necessary," according to Gandhi, writing in 1942. Each village should be basically self-reliant, making provision for all necessities of life - food, clothing, clean water, sanitation, housing, education and so on …. Pico Energy Systems are also the Requirement of Gram Swaraj……

Why Pico? A Scientific Three dimensional Problem Statement.

The First Dimension : Highly Distributed Resources The natural and renewable resources are distributed: In quantity and quality. One single big plant is not holistically viable. Pico size is a true solution to this dimension.

Geo-thermal Map of India

Existing biomass capacity in India

Second Dimension: Impact of Large Units on Environment & Ecology

Unacceptable Impact of Fossil Units On Nature Fossil energy systems demand big central units. Strong influence on Climate. 200 years fossil energy culture changed the few million years old climate cycle.

Globally, the power sector is responsible for more than two‐fifths (41%) of total energy‐related CO2 emissions. In 2007

Impact of Large Solar Units on Environment Manufacturing the photovoltaic cells to produces that energy requires silicon and produce some waste products. Inappropriate handling of these materials may lead to hazardous exposure to humans and the environment. Installing solar power plants may require large piece of land, which may impact existing ecosystems. The clearing and use of large areas of land for solar power facilities can adversely affect native vegetation and wildlife in many ways, including loss of habitat; interference with rainfall and drainage; or direct contact causing injury or death. The impacts are exacerbated when the species affected are classified as sensitive, rare, or threatened and endangered.

Issues with large Wind Energy Farms Noise Wind turbines produce noise, mostly caused by the rotor blades and drive train, and the noise impact of wind turbines on the environment is one of the major planning issues. The distance to nearby residential buildings has to be sufficient to ensure that the noise level at the house front is below the statutory limit.

Visual impact by Wind Turbines Shadow flickering is due to the periodic – about once per second – interruption of the sunlight by the rotating blades. Both flickering and shadow casting on dwellings and offices can be very annoying for the occupants. Shadow flickering is not regulated by law.

The Third Dimension : Irrational Energy Service by Central Big Units : Among Humans Many remote villages without electricity/energy appliances. Unreliable supply to inner towns and villages. Dangerous social problems: Non-cooperation of remote population to peace of Nation !!?!?!?!

Countries with large population without access to electricity

Number of Un-electrified Villages Sl. No. State No. of un-electrified villages as on 31-3-2006 Villages Electrified during 2006-07 Balance un-electrified villages 1. Uttar Pradesh 31,063 16,620 14,443 2. Orissa 21,294 3. Jharkhand 20,431 4. Bihar 18,405 8,415 9,990 5. Rajasthan 13,908 765 13,143 6. Maharashtra 5,554 7. Assam 5,464 8. West Bengal 5,084 2,108 2,976

Number of Un-electrified Households Sl. No. State No. of un-electrified households (in lakhs) % of un-electrified Households 1. Bihar 120 94.57 2. Jharkhand 34 90.01 3. Assam 35 83.46 4. Orissa 54.7 80.65 5. Uttar Pradesh 165 80.16 6. West Bengal 88.9 79.73 7. Meghalaya 2.2 69.74 8. Tripura 3.68 68.25 9. Rajasthan 40.06 55.98 10. Mizoram 0.44 55.86 11. Arunachal Pradesh 0.91 55.47 12. Chattisgarh 18.1 53.89 Total 562.99

Countries with the largest population relying on traditional use of biomass for cooking, 2010

Human W/O Energy?

Humans , Energy & Energy Utilities Energy is a Biological Need of Humans…..

Human Vs Other living Species Human is only one living species that requires energy for better living. Is this a pure enjoyment? Not a necessity? Yet Human say: Necessity is the mother of Invention…

My First Exposure to the Biological Need of Human Shri Mangal Singh Water Wheel on River Sajnam, Bhailoni Lod Village Lalitpur Dist.

IIT Delhi Design

Mechanical Engineering, P M V Subbarao Mechanical Engineering, IIT Delhi

Design II : Krishi Vigyan Kendra ,Jagdishpur, Sonipat P M V Subbarao Mechanical Engineering, IIT Delhi Design II : Krishi Vigyan Kendra ,Jagdishpur, Sonipat 5KW design with 3.7KW Irrigation Pump

Comparative study on development of Micro hydro water wheel $400 $320 $2700 Cost of gear box $170 $160 $1800 Cost of wheel impulse Principle 15 14 24 No. of blades 86%[t] 76%[p] 72%[t] 68%[p] 40%[t] 20%[p] efficiency 22l/s 22 l/s Pump discharge 450l/s 400l/s 1800l/s Water utilized to run 5kw 6kw Power developed 1 1.5 Head at site in m 1.26 4 Diameter in m New Design II (KVK, Sonipat) Haryana New Design I (Semera Village) Lalitpur,UP Farmer ’ s version Bhailoni Village Specification

Assam, India: Micro Hydro Power Project to Benefit 38 Families

The Story of Peace through Technology   The Story of Peace through Technology Inhabitants of a remote village in the rugged, mountainous terrain of North Cachar Hills are getting uninterrupted power supply even though it is not connected by conventional power grid. This has been made possible by the State’s first micro hydro-electricity. The project generates 6.8 KVA power from a hilly stream called Boro Robi nullah near the hamlet. It has a 12-foot-high water reservoir and a turbine. “This was started as a pilot project with support from the Army, and following its successful implementation, we plan to set up more such micro hydel projects in similar terrain in the district,” HP Rajkumar, Project Director, District Rural Development Agency (DRDA), NC Hills, said, adding that a couple of sites had already been identified for the purpose. Rajkumar said that the Army engineers designed the turbine, which cost Rs 1.25 lakh. “The Army has been very enthusiastic about the project and extended every possible cooperation to us. We got technical expertise from the IIT-Delhi as well,” he said. At the moment the project is illuminating 38 households of the village besides a school, a church, a temple and an auditorium. “The households have two bulbs each.

Complete Understanding is essential for Developing Sustainable Ideas Better management of resources & Ecology is possible only through better understanding !!!!!!

Kelvin Planks postulate “It is impossible to construct a heat engine which produces no effect other than the extraction of heat from a single source and the production of an equivalent amount of work” On the other side It is possible to construct a heat engine which produces the three effects namely, the extraction of heat from a source, the production of a fractional (<1)amount of work and rejection of the remaining ( 0) heat to a sink.

The Law of Learning one fourth from the teacher, one fourth from own intelligence, one fourth from classmates, and one fourth only with time. Mahabharath

The Law of Religion & Spirituality Ram Swaroop Tumhar, Bachan Agochar Budhi Par Abigat Akath Apaar, Neti Neti Nit Nigam Kahe. Sant Tulsi Das

Human impact on the environment Human impact is called as an anthropogenic impact. The term anthropogenic designates an effect or object resulting from human activity. The anthropogenic impact on the environment includes impacts on biophysical environments, biodiversity and other resources. The atmospheric scientist Paul Crutzen introduced the term "anthropocene" in the mid-1970s. The term is sometimes used in the context of pollution emissions that are produced as a result of human activities but applies broadly to all major human impacts on the environment.[

State of ecosystems, habitats and species In the past, human interaction with nature, enriched the quality and variety of the living world and its habitats, although having a disruptive effect on nature. Today, however, human pressure on natural environments is greater than before in terms of magnitude and efficiency in disrupting nature. The policies pursued in the industry, transport and energy sectors having a direct and damaging impact on the nature. The strong focus of forestry management on economic targets primarily causes the decline in biodiversity, soil erosion and other related effects.

Manifestations of the degradation The clearest manifestations of the degradation of the natural environment are: Reduction and fragmentation of habitats and landscapes. A decreased species diversity, due to reduced habitable surface area which corresponds to a reduced "species carrying capacity". The reduction of the size of habitats also reduces the genetic diversity of the species living there. Loss of Species of Fauna and Flora. http://www.hobart.k12.in.us/jkousen/Biology/impact.html

Thermodynamic Classification of Living Species Life on Earth Autotrophs Heterotrophs