Unit 2 Cells and Tissues Diagrams

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.2 Extracellular fluid (watery environment) Sugar group Polar heads of phospholipid molecules Bimolecular lipid layer containing proteins Nonpolar tails of phospholipid molecules Glycoprotein Proteins Filaments of cytoskeleton Cytoplasm (watery environment) Channel Cholesterol Glycolipid

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Plasma membranes of adjacent cells Desmosome (anchoring junction) Tight (impermeable) junction Microvilli Gap (communicating) junction Extracellular space between cells Underlying basement membrane Connexon Figure 3.3

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Secretion being released from cell by exocytosis Microtubule Centrioles Mitochondrion Lysosome Cytosol Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Chromatin Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Nucleus Plasma membrane Rough endoplasmic reticulum Intermediate filaments Peroxisome Figure 3.4

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.5 In the cistern, the protein folds into its functional shape. Short sugar chains may be attached to the protein (forming a glycoprotein). The protein is packaged in a tiny membranous sac called a transport vesicle. The transport vesicle buds from the rough ER and travels to the Golgi apparatus for further processing. As the protein is synthesized on the ribosome, it migrates into the rough ER cistern Ribosome mRNA Rough ER Transport vesicle buds off Protein inside transport vesicle Protein

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.6 Golgi vesicle containing digestive enzymes becomes a lysosome Pathway 3 Pathway 2 Secretory vesicles Proteins Secretion by exocytosis Golgi vesicle containing proteins to be secreted becomes a secretory vesicle Golgi apparatus Pathway 1 Transport vesicle Membrane Proteins in cisterna Cisterna Rough ER Lysosome fuses with ingested substances Golgi vesicle containing membrane components fuses with the plasma membrane Plasma membrane Extracellular fluid

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.7a-c (a) Microfilaments (b) Intermediate filaments (c) Microtubules Actin subunit 7 nm 10 nm Fibrous subunits Tubulin subunits 25 nm Microfilaments form the blue network surrounding the pink nucleus. Intermediate filaments form the purple batlike network. Microtubules appear as gold networks surrounding the cells’ pink nuclei.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.8a Fibroblasts Rough ER and Golgi apparatus No organelles Nucleus Erythrocytes (a) Cells that connect body parts

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.8b Epithelial cells Nucleus Intermediate filaments (b) Cells that cover and line body organs

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.8c Skeletal muscle cell Nuclei Contractile filaments Smooth muscle cells (c) Cells that move organs and body parts

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.8d Fat cell Lipid droplet (d) Cell that stores nutrients Nucleus

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Lysosomes Macrophage (e) Cell that fights disease Pseudo- pods Figure 3.8e

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.8f Processes Rough ER Nerve cell Nucleus (f) Cell that gathers information and controls body functions

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.8g Nucleus Flagellum Sperm (g) Cell of reproduction

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Key: = Adenine = Thymine = Cytosine = Guanine Old (template) strand Newly synthesized strand New strand forming Old (template) strand DNA of one chromatid C G T A A C G T G C G C A T A T G C A G T A C C G C G T T A A A T T C G T A A A T T C G TA T A GC G C G C G C A Figure 3.14

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Centrioles Chromatin Forming mitotic spindle Centrioles Chromosome, consisting of two sister chromatids Nuclear envelope Plasma membrane Interphase Metaphase plate Nucleolus Early prophase Fragments of nuclear envelope Late prophase Nucleolus forming Spindle pole Cleavage furrow Nuclear envelope forming Telophase and cytokinesis Daughter chromosomes Anaphase Sister chromatids Spindle Metaphase Spindle microtubules Centromere Figure 3.15

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Apical surface Basal surface Simple Apical surface Basal surface Stratified (a) Classification based on number of cell layers Figure 3.17a

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.17b

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.18a Nucleus of squamous epithelial cell Basement membrane (a) Diagram: Simple squamous Photomicrograph: Simple squamous epithelium forming part of the alveolar (air sac) walls (185×). Nuclei of squamous epithelial cells Air sacs of lungs

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.18b (b) Diagram: Simple cuboidal Nucleus of simple cuboidal epithelial cell Photomicrograph: Simple cuboidal epithelium in kidney tubules (250 × ). Basement membrane Connective tissue Basement membrane Simple cuboidal epithelial cells

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.18c Nucleus of simple columnar epithelial cell Connective tissue Photomicrograph: Simple columnar epithelium of the small intestine (430×). Basement membrane (c) Diagram: Simple columnar Basement membrane Goblet cell Simple columnar epithelial cell

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.18d Pseudo- stratified epithelial layer Basement membrane (d) Diagram: Pseudostratified (ciliated) columnar Photomicrograph: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lining the human trachea (430×). Pseudo- stratified epithelial layer Basement membrane Connective tissue Cilia

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.18e Stratified squamous epithelium Basement membrane (e) Diagram: Stratified squamous Photomicrograph: Stratified squamous epithelium lining of the esophagus (140×). Connective tissue Stratified squamous epithelium Nuclei Basement membrane

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.18f Transi- tional epithelium Basement membrane Photomicrograph: Transitional epithelium lining of the bladder, relaxed state (215×); surface rounded cells flatten and elongate when the bladder fills with urine. (f) Diagram: Transitional Connective tissue Transitional epithelium Basement membrane

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.19a Bone cells in lacunae (a) Diagram: Bone Photomicrograph: Cross-sectional view of ground bone (300×). Lamella Lacunae Central canal

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.19b Chondrocyte (Cartilage cell) Lacunae (b) Diagram: Hyaline cartilage Photomicrograph: Hyaline cartilage from the trachea (500×). Matrix Chondrocyte in lacuna

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.19c Chondro- cites in lacunae Collagen fibers (c) Diagram: Fibrocartilage Photomicrograph: Fibrocartilage of an intervertebral disc (110×). Collagen fiber Chondrocytes in lacunae

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.19d Ligament Tendon Collagen fibers Nuclei of fibroblasts (d) Diagram: Dense fibrous Photomicrograph: Dense fibrous connective tissue from a tendon (500×). Nuclei of fibroblasts Collagen fibers

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.19e Mucosa epithelium Lamina propria Fibers of matrix Nuclei of fibroblasts (e) Diagram: Areolar Photomicrograph: Areolar connective tissue, a soft packaging tissue of the body (300×). Fibroblast nuclei Collagen fibers Elastic fibers

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.19f Nuclei of fat cells Vacuole containing fat droplet (f) Diagram: Adipose Photomicrograph: Adipose tissue from the subcutaneous layer beneath the skin (430×). Vacuole containing fat droplet Nuclei of fat cells

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.19g Spleen Reticular cell Reticular fibers Blood cell (g) Diagram: Reticular Photomicrograph: Dark-staining network of reticular connective tissue (430×). White blood cell (lymphocyte) Reticular fibers

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.19h Neutrophil (white blood cell) Red blood cells Monocyte (white blood cell) Photomicrograph: Smear of human blood (1300×)(h) Diagram: Blood White blood cell Red blood cells Blood cells in capillary

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.20a Nuclei Part of muscle fiber (a) Diagram: Skeletal musclePhotomicrograph: Skeletal muscle (approx. 300×).

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.20b Intercalated discs Nucleus (b) Diagram: Cardiac musclePhotomicrograph: Cardiac muscle (430×).

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.20c Smooth muscle cell Nuclei (c) Diagram: Smooth musclePhotomicrograph: Sheet of smooth muscle (approx. 300×).

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.21 Brain Spinal cord Nuclei of supporting cells Cell body of neuron Neuron processes Diagram: Nervous tissue Photomicrograph: Neurons (150×) Nuclei of supporting cells Cell body of neuron Neuron processes

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Brain, spinal cord, and nerves Nervous tissue: Internal communication Muscle tissue: Contracts to cause movement Muscles attached to bones (skeletal) Muscles of heart (cardiac) Muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth) Epithelial tissue: Forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters Lining of GI tract organs and other hollow organs Skin surface (epidermis) Connective tissue: Supports, protects, binds other tissues together Bones Tendons Fat and other soft padding tissue Figure 3.22