What is the composition of the filtrate in the capsular space? a. like urine, only more concentrated b. similar to water c. like urine, only less concentrated d. similar to plasma, only no proteins Answer: d

c. glomerular capillaries d. nephron loop What part of the nephron is involved with obligatory water, ion, and organic nutrient reabsorption? a. PCT b. DCT c. glomerular capillaries d. nephron loop Answer: a

a. Glomerular capillary pores are too small. Why don’t plasma proteins pass into the capsular space under normal circumstances? a. Glomerular capillary pores are too small. b. Glomerular blood pressure is too low. c. Glomerular filtration rate is too low. d. Glomerular blood flow is too slow. Answer: a

What is the major driving force behind filtrate production? a. capsular hydrostatic pressure b. the osmotic pressure of the blood c. hydrostatic pressure in the afferent arteriole d. hydrostatic pressure in the efferent arteriole Answer: c

b. Sodium content of the filtrate increases pressure. Why are glomerular pressures higher than pressure in other capillaries? a. The efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole, increasing resistance. b. Sodium content of the filtrate increases pressure. c. E and NE cause increased glomerular pressure. d. The length of the afferent arteriole is longer than the efferent arteriole. Answer: a

What effect does renin have on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? It will decrease the GFR and vasoconstrict the efferent arteriole. It will increase the GFR and vasoconstrict the efferent arteriole. It will raise the GFR and vasoconstrict the afferent arteriole. None of the above are correct. Answer: b

because most reabsorption occurs at the PCT Why is the presence of microvilli important to the epithelial tissue of the PCT? because most reabsorption occurs at the PCT because filtration is taking place because secretion of toxins and ions are actively secreted to waste at the PCT because hormonally controlled reabsorption of water and sodium occurs in the PCT Answer: a

Why does the filtrate dilute all along the ascending loop? A glycoprotein here restricts water from leaving the filtrate. Water reabsorption has taken place at the descending loop. Water channels allow it to mix with the filtrate. None of the above are correct. Answer: a

a. it increases aldosterone secretion. A decrease in Na+ in the blood leads to an increase in blood pressure because: a. it increases aldosterone secretion. b. it increases renin production. c. it increases ADH secretion. d. All of the above are correct. Answer: d

Urea is transported out of the tubule. Why does osmotic concentration decrease in the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop? Urea is transported out of the tubule. Na+ and CI– are actively transported out of the tubular fluid. The thick ascending limb is permeable to water. Both A and B are correct. Answer: b

Which structures exit at the hilum of the kidney? a. renal artery and vein b. renal ureters c. renal capsule and renal sinus d. both A and B Answer: d

b. renal medulla and renal pelvis c. renal medulla and urethra An obstruction of a ureter by a kidney stone limits the flow of urine between which two points? a. ureter and urethra b. renal medulla and renal pelvis c. renal medulla and urethra d. renal pelvis and urinary bladder Answer: d

a. urogenital diaphragm b. internal urinary sphincter The ability to control the micturition reflex depends on the ability to control which muscle? a. urogenital diaphragm b. internal urinary sphincter c. external urinary sphincter d. coccygeus Answer: c

Mary has had a urinalysis that indicates a high level of bilirubin Mary has had a urinalysis that indicates a high level of bilirubin. What condition may she have? a. liver disease b. anorexia c. ketonuria d. renal infection Answer: a

c. increased fluid volume d. both A and C What effect does eating a high-protein diet have on the composition of urine? a. increased urea b. increased potassium c. increased fluid volume d. both A and C Answer: d

Which portion of a nephron is NOT in the renal cortex? a. proximal convoluted tubule b. distal convoluted tubule c. collecting duct d. nephron loop Answer: d

b. juxtaglomerular apparatus c. PCT d. nephron loop Damage to which part of the nephron interferes with hormonal control of blood pressure? a. Bowman’s capsule b. juxtaglomerular apparatus c. PCT d. nephron loop Answer: b

a. Glomerular blood pressure increases. b. Filtration shuts down. What event occurs when the plasma concentration of a substance exceeds its tubular maximum? a. Glomerular blood pressure increases. b. Filtration shuts down. c. Excess is excreted in urine. d. Glomerular osmotic pressure decreases. Answer: c

a. decrease volume; decrease osmotic concentration How would the absence of juxtamedullary nephrons affect the volume of urine and its osmotic concentration? a. decrease volume; decrease osmotic concentration b. decrease volume; increase osmotic concentration c. increase volume; decrease osmotic concentration d. increase volume; increase osmotic concentration Answer: c

the PCT; the PCT is where most reabsorption occurs The concentration of filtrate is greatest in _____. This is because ______. the PCT; the PCT is where most reabsorption occurs the bottom of the nephron loop; solutes are concentrated the DCT; water diffuses out the glomerulus; it has highest concentration of solutes Answer: b

Where does urine production begin? a. renal artery b. minor calyces c. nephron d. collecting duct Answer: c

How are cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons structurally different? a. Cortical nephrons are surrounded by vasa recta. b. Cortical nephrons have very short PCTs. c. Juxtamedullary nephrons have longer nephron loops. d. All of the above are correct. Answer: c

d. impossible to predict What effect does an increased amount of aldosterone have on K+ concentration of urine? a. K+ Increases b. K+ decreases c. no effect d. impossible to predict Answer: a

All of the following EXCEPT _______ are effects of angiotensin II. a. elevation of glomerular pressures and GFR b. inhibition of ADH release c. elevation of arterial pressure throughout the body d. stimulation of Na+ reabsorption in the DCT Answer: b

What is the role of the vasa recta in the urinary system? a. increasing specific gravity of urine b. increasing the osmotic concentration of urine c. returning water and solutes to general circulation d. cleansing blood before it re-enters systemic circulation Answer: c

What direct effect does sympathetic activation have on GFR? produces powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole produces powerful vasoconstriction of glomerular capillaries produces dilation of the afferent arteriole produces dilation of glomerular capillaries and constriction of the efferent arteriole Answer: a