Nathan Hall Senior Lecturer in Criminology and Policing Thursday 11 th September 2008

Background 2

Seven questions 1. What is hate crime? 2. How much of it is there? 3. Who is affected? 4. Where is it occurring? 5. When is it occurring? 6. Why is it occurring? 7. What can be done to make the situation better? 3

“Any hate incident, which may or may not constitute a criminal offence, which is perceived by the victim or any other person, as being motivated by prejudice or hate” 4

Degree of Offender’s Prejudice Strength of Causal Relation High Low HighLow I High prejudice/ High causation II High prejudice/ Low causation III Low prejudice/ High causation IV Low prejudice/ Low causation 5

“how much hate crime there is and what the appropriate response should be depends upon how hate crime is conceptualised and defined.” 6

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James B. Jacobs “These assertions [that underpin differential responses to hate crimes] depend upon empirical assumptions that seem dubious and have not been substantiated.” 8

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Andrew Sullivan “To be sure, we have made much progress. Anyone who argues that America is as inhospitable to minorities and to women today as it has been in the past has not read much history”. 10

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“We should perhaps take a step back and carefully consider what it is that we are responding to in order to ensure that our efforts are appropriate, effective and above all built upon solid foundations” 12

Seven (impossible) questions? 1. What is hate crime? 2. How much of it is there? 3. Who is affected? 4. Where is it occurring? 5. When is it occurring? 6. Why is it occurring? 7. What can be done to make the situation better? 13

Plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose? A decade of progress? 14

15 Contact Other publications Nathan Hall ICJS, Ravelin House, Museum Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2QQ Hall, N. (2002). Blind Prejudice: The Impact of Hate Crime. Police Review, 18/10/02. Hall, N. (2005). Hate Crime. Collumpton, Willan Publishing. Hall, N. (2005). Community Responses to Hate Crime. In F. Pakes, & J. Winstone (eds). Community Justice. Collumpton, Willan Publishing. Hall, N. (2006). Proactive Anti-Racism. Police Professional, Issue 49, pp Hall, N. (2007). Policing Hatred. Police, March, p Hall, N. (2008a, forthcoming). Making Sense of Numbers: The Social Construction of Hate Crime in London and New York. Vienna, European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia. Hall, N. (2008b, forthcoming). Policing Racist Hate Crime. In H. S. Bhui (ed.) Race and Criminal Justice. London, Sage. Hall, N. and Hayden, C. (2007). Is ‘hate crime’ a relevant and useful way of conceptualising some forms of school bullying? International Journal on Violence in Schools. 3, p3-24.