PRESENTATION ON INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES:THE CASE OF HYDERABAD

OVERALL OBJECTIVES To analyze and Identify Strategies that Achieve Multiple Economic, Public Health and Environmental Benefits while Improving Local Air Quality and Reducing Green House Gas Emissions (GHG) by:  Quantifying AAQ levels.  Assessing air quality impact on public health and suggesting mitigation measures.  Building capacity for strategies to reduce GHG emissions.  Developing and institutionalizing an analytical framework to aid policy makers.  Establishing inter-disciplinary team with capabilities to conduct integrated analysis for sustainable development.

Ambient Air Quality (EPTRI) Emissions Inventory Air Quality Modeling studies Cost benefit Analysis PROJECT COMPONENTS  Transportation studies including Planning Efforts and Issues (RITES)  Health Effects of Air Quality and Economic Valuation of Health Effects (IHS)  Outreach Programme  General education programme – “Hyderabad Air” Public Awareness Campaign (Winrock International)  Private sector campaign - Industrial Energy Savings Measures (CII, Hyderabad)

Air Emissions Inventory Development  Data collected from regional PCB offices in the study area for over 550 industries registered with APPCB.  Data collected for each industry includes type of fuel used, quantity of fuel, stack test data, control equipment information, etc.  Base year for inventory is CY  Stack test data and emissions factors used to estimate PM 10 and GHG emissions from fuel usage.  GHG emission factors for India obtained from international council of local environmental initiatives (ICLEI).  PM 10 emission factors obtained from various sources: USEPA AP-42 document, World Bank Study (Rapid Assessment Method, and WHO EFs.

Development Of Alternative Industrial Mitigation Scenarios.  Alternative industrial scenarios to reduce PM 10 and GHG emissions include:  Use of additives in fuel oil in boilers.  Particulate controls on all uncontrolled solid waste fired boilers.  Introducing use of Natural Gas in coal fired boilers.  Use of renewable energy (biomass gasification) in fuel oil boilers.

Comparison of Industrial Mitigation Scenarios Scenario PM 10 Reduction (tons PM 10 ) (% Reduction) GHG Reduction (tons eCO 2 ) (% Reduction) Fuel Additive272 T 509 T (12%) 18,416 T 34,481T (1.25%) Control605 T 1128 T (27%) (27%) Natural Gas241 T 594 T (10.8%)(14.2%) 33,283 T 88,201T (2.3%) (3.2%) Biogas184 T 598 T (8.2%) (14.3%) 97,260T 281,062T (6.5%) (10.2%)

Scope of Work For Transportation Study  The Objective of the study comprises of the following components  Baseline scenario (CY 2001) study.  Part-I: Scenarios for most effective bus transit service (bus lanes, better bus- stops, better road surfaces on trunk routes)  Part-II: Technology Training measures related to 2-stroke vehicles  Part-III: Traffic Management Measures to improve Traffic flow (flyovers, traffic signals, footpaths, etc.)  Part IV: Multi-modal Transport System(rail)

The Air Quality Modeling (AQM) modeling study was carried out for the Hyderabad Urban Development Area (HUDA) which covers Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH), surrounding ten Municipalities and outgrowth areas.  The primary pollutant of concern, Particulate Matter less than 10 microns in diameter (PM 10 ),, was considered for air quality modeling.  The base year considered for this AQM study was Calendar Year (CY)  Projections were made for BAU-2011 and BAU-2021 IES-INDIA ANALYSIS AIR QUALITY MODELING STUDIES

 The maximum PM 10 concentrations are found in MCH area. This is due to high vehicular population. The projected average concentrations for BAU-2021 are very high.  Effective Bus Transit mitigation scenario shows greatest reductions in PM 10 and GHG emissions. For Bus Transit scenario, ambient pollutant concentrations are reduced to 1/3 of BAU levels.  For BAU-2021, Patancheru and Rajendranagar are the most polluted areas (after MCH), due to their vicinity to the air polluting industries.  Industrial mitigation scenarios do not show significant PM 10 /GHG reduction in MCH area, but they are significant in reduction of GLCs in industrial areas. Conclusions Derived From AQ Modeling

Damage Function Approach For Health Effects Analysis Pollutant Emissions Ambient Concentrations Human Exposure Health Effects (APHEBA Model) Social Benefits Background Concentrations Atmospheric models Population Exposed Baseline Risk Exposure-Response Function Social Value

Change in Health effects by Scenarios Total for all localities cases avoided per year C1 = Bus Transit Mitigation Scenario (Transportation) C2 = Combined Natural Gas and Bio Gas Mitigation Scenario (Industrial) C3 = Fuel Additive Mitigation Scenario (Industrial) C4 = Particulate Control Mitigation Scenario (Industrial)

Health Benefits Study Conclusions  All four mitigation scenarios result in avoided deaths and cardio- respiratory cases  Effective bus transit scenario shows the maximum reduction in adverse health effects  The transportation sector is recognized as an area where significant air quality and public health benefits could be realized through the IES, India Analysis  The study highlights the need for close collaboration between Air pollution modelers, Epidemiologists, Economists and Policy Makers

Scenarios Net Costs (Rs. Million) Benefits (Rs. Million) Net Costs (Rs. Million Benefits (Rs. Million) Lower Bound Upper Bound Lower Bound Upper Bound C , ,847.21,969, C , , C , , C , , Cost Benefit Summary for All Mitigation Scenarios (in Millions Rupees) C1 = Bus Transit Mitigation Scenario (Transportation) C2 = Combined Natural Gas and Bio Gas Mitigation Scenario (Industrial) C3 = Fuel Additive Mitigation Scenario (Industrial) C4 = Particulate Control Mitigation Scenario (Industrial)

Limitations of IES-India Study  Only secondary emissions data was used.  Emissions factors not customized for local conditions.  Emissions from sources such as road dust, open burning, residential and commercial establishments were not included.

Outreach Campaign THANK YOU