Challenge the future Delft University of Technology 3D PRINTING FOR URBAN PLANNING: A PHYSICAL ENHANCEMENT OF SPATIAL PERSPECTIVE Tarun Ghawana Integrated Spatial Analytics Consultants, India Sisi Zlatanova Delft University of Technology, GIS Technology Section, Delft, Netherlands

2 BACKGROUND 3D PRINTING COMPARING 3D PRINTING and 3D VISUALIZATION 3D PRINTING AND GIS CHALLENGES IN 3D PRINTING OF GIS LAYERS 3D PRINTING AND CITYGML CASE STUDY OF DWARKA SUBCITY OF DELHI, INDIA

3 Background 3D Models are more commonly used now for various planning sectors 3D visualization enhances spatial aspects in an interacting thematic concerns environment 3D physical models have been largely used for urban planning for presenting new developments

4 2007, TUDelft Wind simulation Skepticism

5 3D Printing Additive manufacturing or 3D printing is a process of making 3D solid objects from a digital model. 3D Printing technique deposits material layer by layer. No waste of material Numerous 3D printing technologies out there; stereo lithography (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS) and fuse depositing modelling (FDM)

6 Examples

7 Comparing 3D Printing and 3D Visualization Criteria3D Digital Visualization3D printed models Visual PerceptionShading, texturing, rotating and zooming Shading, texturing and rotating Scale and Resolution Variation Depending on input data Large Group Discussions Digital display system requirement as inhibitor Detailed printed model as enabler Ease to ExploreMinimum expertise level required for 3D rendering Easy to handle and explore by inexperienced users Object SelectionSingle query based multiple object selection Need to tag manually different objects EditingRelatively easier feature editingLimited editing Analyzing ObjectsObjects analysis requires 3D expertiseObjects analysis by non-expert users

8 3D Printing and GIS (1/2) Virtual scenes generated in 3D GIS environment enhance user understanding Visualization process has passed many stages towards realistic scenes 2D Paper / Other Material Maps (Colour/ B & W) Colour / B & W Scanned 2D Images (non- interactive) GIS 2D Data (Interactive & Attributes Attached) GIS 3D Data (Interactive & Attributes Attached, Virtual Models) Fly-thru 3D Simulation Tours, recorded as motion video Handmade 3D Models of 3D Data (Physical Models) Digital 3D printing of 3D Data with Z properties (Physical Models)

9 3D Printing and GIS (2/2) single piece objects creation unless impossible by other means of production possible to print objects within objects, hollow parts, interconnected parts

10 Challenges in 3D Printing of GIS Layers Translation of various GIS data formats into STL file format Reducing data loss while translating DEM data into STL file format 3D printing is not necessarily a cheap process High level resolution and accuracy of a 3D print but for depending on the size of the model Work with valid 3D digital models, i.e. closed volume GIS data varies on compression and projections so it needs to be put back in its original shape

11 3D Printing and CityGML (1/2) CityGML is currently the only standard for 3D vector data along with semantics, topology and appearance associated with the data Detail Levels Implementation Scale Buildings Details Positional and Height Accuracy Minimum Object Size LOD0Regional, Landscape Footprint or roof edge polygons LOD1City, RegionBlocks model comprising prismatic buildings with flat roof structures 5 m or less6 x 6 m LOD2City Districts, Projects Differentiated roof structures and thematically differentiated boundary surfaces 2 m or less4 x 4 m LOD3Architectural Models (Outside), Landmarks Architectural models with detailed wall and roof structures potentially including doors and windows 0.5 m2 x 2 m LOD4Architectural Models (Interior) Buildings composed of rooms, interior doors, stairs and furniture 0.2 m or less

12 3D Printing and CITYGML (2/2) 3D printing characteristics matched with relevant CityGML characteristics (Zprint, Zcorp) Printer Type Resolution and Layer Thickness for Printing Minimum Object Size for Printing Build Size for Printing Vertical Build Speed for Printing Minimum Object Size in CityGML LOD 250Resolution: 300 x 450 dpi; Layer Thickness 0.1 mm 0.4 mm(236 x 185 x 127 mm) (0.236 x x m) 20 mm / hour6 x 6 m 350Resolution: 300 x 450 dpi; Layer Thickness mm 0.15 mm(203 x 254 x 203 mm) (0.203 x x m) 20 mm / hour4 x 4 m 650Resolution: 600 x 540 dpi; Layer Thickness mm 0.1 mm(254 x 381 x 203 mm) (0.254 x x m) 23 mm/ hour2 x 2 m

13 Case Study of Dwarka Subcity, Delhi (1/5) Dwarka sub-city developed recently for approximately 1 million people in Delhi 29 sectors planned covering around 5,650 hectares Dwarka landuse distribution follows a distinct hierarchical pattern from sub-city level to sector level LanduseArea (%) Gross Residential48.54 Commercial7.05 Government0.94 Public/Semi-Public6.20 Recreational19.94 Transport14.33 Utilities3.00

14 Case Study of Dwarka Subcity, Delhi (2/5) one sample of sector 6 in Dwarka with total area of 93 hectares Allocated Residential landuse: 41 hectares /410,000 sq. mtrs approx.

15 Case Study of Dwarka Subcity, Delhi (3/5) Some residential apartment’s society premises are marked on both sides of a road in sector 6 The covering areas of societies measured as: Maximum: 170 m x 125 m x 40 m Minimum: 80 m x 80 m x 40 m Disconnected blocks or connected through only a viaduct. On average, the dimensions of these blocks are around 30 m x 30 m x 40 m in X, Y, Z terms

16 Case Study of Dwarka Subcity, Delhi (4/5) Single Block Printing Size and Scaling Requirements Single piece maximum printing object size Actual Object SizeScale Required 250 mm x 380 mm x 200 mm30 m x 30 m (X,Y) x 40 m (Z)1:120 x 1:78 (X,Y) x 1:200 (Z) Average scale of 1:160 for the building block, allows printing of a window 2 x 2 m (200 cm/2000 mm) in 12 x 12 mm 3-4 such building blocks exists in each society, allowing 3D printing in manageable units Vertical speed of 0.9 inch/hour (23 mm/hour), allows printing a window of 2 x 2 m in a few minutes

17 Case Study of Dwarka Subcity, Delhi (5/5) Feasible Level of Detail (LOD) as per CityGML, references to 3D print the area of interests on different scales: Area of Interest CityGML: Level of Detail (LOD) Single Block Building (30 m x 30 m x 40 m)LOD 3 With doors and windows A society complex of 3 or 4 building blocks and green / cemented open space in between (100 m x 50 m x 40 m) LOD 3 with doors and windows, trees, open parking spaces and green patches A neighborhood of individual society complexes along a road of m in length (300 m x 100 / 150 m x 40 m) LOD 2 with thematically differentiated surfaces and buildings without detailed facades An entire sector of a subcity in 100 hectaresLOD1 with blocks model comprising prismatic buildings with flat roof structures

18 Conclusions and Recommendations Physical enhancement of spatial perspective for the users. More realistic interfaces for stakeholders negotiations and presenting new development Detailed 3D model printing possible of landscape, buildings, road furniture etc. for street level planning Value addition for planners due to the ability to print subsurface utilities, terrain and groundwater variations 3D printed models can be used in Delhi by various planning agencies 3D printed model can expedite the negotiations process in city development and planning

19 Thank you for your attention Tarun Ghawana: