GEOGRAPHY Urbanisation

Is the growth of towns and cities over time When did humans first build cities? Where were the first cities? Why did people move to cities?

Growth of an Irish City - Dublin Six stages of development 1. Viking 2. Norman 3. Georgian 18 th century th Century th century up to – present (Celtic tiger)

Key points Cities grew rapidly after industrial revolution As towns grew they took on a whole range of functions More people live in urban areas then rural Poorer countries tend to have larger rural pop Towns / cities in developing(poor) countries are growing rapidly

Cities – Functional zones Functional Zones mean –whatever the land is being used for. 1. Zone One = Central Business District (CBD) 2. Zone Two = Shopping Area 3. Zone Three = Residential Area 4. Zone Four = Recreational Areas 5. Zone Five = Industrial Area

1.The Central Business District (CBD) Located in centre of city Most valuable land Commercial administrative and social activities Higher high rise buildings

2. Shopping Area Located near or around the CBD City centre High street stores

3. Residential Zones Suburbs and Urban Rural fringe Apartment blocks Semidetached housing estates Geometric patterns short streets cul de sacs

4. Recreational Zone Open green areas within cities Parks Playgrounds Sports fields further out of city

5. Industrial Zone Located in suburbs Land needed for large buildings Residents provide labour Less traffic congestion Industrial Estates

Land Use and Values in Cities Land Value Increased as you move towards the city centre Building height also increases Retailers locate here Larger shopping buildings locate in suburbs e.g.. Large shopping areas ie Mahon Point

Class activity Label the urban land use model and give a brief description of the characteristics of each zone

Urban Problems 1. Traffic Congestion – lack of investment has caused severe traffic congestion 2. Urban decline/ Urban decay – old derelict sites and poor public inner city housing 3. Inadequate Infrastructure – facilities are often not able to cope with influx of people. Social isolation occurs. 4. Urban sprawl – uncontrolled growth, haphazard unplanned developments 5. Urban Decline / Decay – public housing in bad condition. Old derelict site 6. Unemployment – low skilled jobs located on outskirts of town. Jobs in CBD are highly skilled and beyond the reach of locals 7. Crime – young people living in inner city experience social problems and drug problems. Crime to support habit

Solutions to Urban Problems 1. Traffic Initiatives (National Spatial Strategy – NSS ) Construction of M50 motorway Development of (LUAS) and (DART) Upgrading of Bus Routes and bus lanes Building Dublin’s Port Tunnel. Rigid enforcement of traffic regulation – clamping and towing

Solutions to urban problems 2. Planning of new towns: Tallaght Built in 1960s to accommodate pop growth (1, – 63, ) Provides services e.g. hospital college industries Good transport infrastructure Young population structure

Solutions to urban problems 3. Inner city renewal and redevelopment The Historic Area Rejuvenation Project (HARP) Urban renewal and redevelopment

Class test Name and describe four problems caused by Urbanisation Outline three solutions implemented to help resolve urban problems

Residential Accommodation in Cities Old houses – terraced housing Modern apartment blocks Georgian Housing 18 th cetury Town housing – high quality apartments Semi-detached and detached estate houses Task: find as many different types of residential accommodation in Mallow as you can?

Commuting to Work in Cities Commute is the movement of people into and out of cities for work This has a pattern – chaos routes Rush hours – traffic congestion Can you think of any solutions to this problem? Efficient public transport (rail and bus) Congestion charges references Car pooling Greater incentive to cycle or walk

Urbanisation in the Developing World Sharp social and economic inequalities Wealth living close to Poor Wealthy live in inner city – poor live in suburbs Faster Population growth Unplanned development Lack of infrastructure

Urban Problems in the Developing World Shanty towns - Calcutta Shanty towns develop in poor areas (e.g. India) Bastis/shanty towns are makeshift dwellings 250,000 pavement dwellers No fresh water, no education waste disposal or sanitation People live in absolute poverty

Case study – Calcutta 4.5(M) or 30% of the POP live in Bastis (slums) Street dwellers are the most disadvantaged – 250,000 of these Development aid is being spent on infrastructure Supply cant keep up with demand – rural to urban migration is too great

There is a huge contrast between rich and poor

Key Points Urban Rural CBD Commuters Conurbation Urbanisation Urban fringe Urban redevelopment Urban renewal Urban sprawl

Questions Name one city you have studied which has shanty towns? Name and describe three problems for people living in shanty towns? With reference to one Irish city you have studied – explain the factors which have led to its development (the growth of Dublin over time) Name any new town in Ireland? Briefly describe two typical features of this new town? (solutions to Urban Problems)

Urbanisation – Key Points Development of Dublin over time ( stages of Development) Functional Zones in the City Commuting to Cities – the Problems Urban Problems (Congestion and Urban Decline) Solutions to Urban Problems (Case Studies NSS & DDDA, Development of New Towns – Tallagh) Urbanisation in Developing world – Case study on shanty towns in Calcutta