Chapter 2 Europe Looks Outward

2.1-The Age of Exploration * The Viking Explorers - In 1001, Leif Erikson & 35 men explored they called Vinland, but may have been North America * The Voyages of Columbus ( 3) - Columbus was searching for a sea way to Asia for trading. (What he thought to be 21 Day exploration) - Asked Portugal to fund his exploration, they said no. - Spain funded the exploration. - Three Ships : Nina, Pinta, & the Santa Maria

-First Voyage: Thought he was in the Indies, actually in Cuba. - Left people in Hispaniola to start a civilization. - Second Voyage: Returned to find the people left in Hispaniola were dead. -Landed in Puerto Rico -Took gold, trinkets, and captives back to Spain. -Third Voyage: Thought he was in Asia, actually reached South America Asked for a fourth trip, he was denied. -Columbus died 2 years later still convinced he had reached Asia.

* Other Important Explorers - Amerigo Vespucci : Followed the routes of Columbus and determined that land was not Asia. He named it “ The Land of Amerigo” later shortened to “America”. -Vasco Nunez de Balboa- First explorer to see the Pacific Ocean -Ferdinand Magellan- Searched for an Atlantic- Pacific Ocean passageway ( The Strait of Magellan)   -He was the first Person to Circumnavigate, sail around the world.

Positive Effects From Europe: cows hogs domestic animals wheat oats *The Columbian Exchange -Exploration brought about a global exchange of goods and ideas. Positive Effects From Europe: cows hogs domestic animals wheat oats Negative Effects From Europe brought diseases that killed Native Americans Smallpox Chickenpox Measles -Positive Effects From Native Americans -Animals: Llamas, Turkeys, Squirrels, and Muskrats *Most Important-How to cultivate land and harvest crops.

2.2- Spain’s Empire in the Americas * Spain defeat the Aztecs and Incas -Conquistador : A soldier Adventurer - Two Victorious Leaders : * Hernando Cortes *Francisco Pizarro *Why were the Spanish successful - The advances in technology : armor, muskets, cannons - Rode horses - Native Americans were divided amongst themselves.

*Hernando Cortes defeats Moctezuma and the Aztecs and built Mexico City -Originally Moctezuma offered Cortes gold to make the Spanish troops leave Tenochtitlan ( Capital) , but Cortes kept the gold and took Moctezuma hostage. -The Aztecs rebelled and forces the Spanish to leave. -One year later, Cortes captured Tenochtitlan burns it to the ground and builds Mexico City for the colony of New Spain. *Francisco Pizarro defeats Atahualpa and the Incas -Pizarro took the Inca leader ( Atahualpa) hostage, the Incas paid a huge ransom to free him. -Pizarro kept the ransom, and executed Atahualpa.

* Other Spanish Explorers : All came searching for gold - Juan Ponce de Leon : The first Spaniard to set foot in what is now the United States - Alvar Nunez Cabeza : Landed in present day Texas - Francisco Coronado : Explored New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, and Kansas - Hernando de Soto : Found the Mississippi River

* Society in Spanish America - The Spanish forced Native Americans to work. - Many owned plantations. - Encomiendas : Land grants that gave rights to demand labor or taxes from the Native Americans. - Spanish felt the need to covert Native Americans to Christianity - As the Native Americans keep dying, the Spanish look to Africa for laborers. -Society Labels: * Peninsulares : Spanish colonist born in Spain ( government officials) * Creoles: Colonists born in America with 2 Spanish parents *Mestizos: Spanish and Indian blood ( ranchers, farmers, merchants) * Mulatttos: Spanish and African blood ( bottom of the social class)

2.3- Europeans Compete in North America * Religion & Economics during the Reformation -Religion: Many other countries had split from the Roman Catholic Church causing tension around Europe. Economic: As religion split countries in Europe, they all became eager to find routes to Asia and hoped to find gold.

  Examples: -Religion: Henry VIII wanted a son to inherit the throne. When his wife couldn’t produce a male, he wanted a divorce. Since the Roman Catholic Church would not grant him a divorce, he broke away from the Catholic Church and formed his own named the, Church of England. -Economic-Mercantilism:Colonies existed to make the home country wealthy and powerful.

  *Europeans searched for route to Asia -The Spanish Armada- Spain led an attack on England in hopes to convert them back to the Roman Catholic Church. -The Result: England defeat the Spanish Armada. Spain lost a lot of power in Europe. *Spain was in debt. *Opened the door for England & France to explore and found colonies.

* The Northwest Passage -Northwest Passage- A sea route from the Atlantic to the Pacific that passes through or around North America. - John Calbot ( England) : Explored areas near the Newfoundland and Chesapeake Bay & finally realized this land Columbus found was NOT Asia. -Henry Hudson : Had four voyages. *3rd Voyage( Netherlands) : Explore what is now New York & explore a river that today bears his name, the Hudson River. *4th Voyage ( England) : Found the Hudson Bay. The icy water made the exploration stop. After living through the harsh winter, by spring the crew conspired to mutiny Hudson.  

2.4-France and the Netherlands * The French Colony moves inland off the coast - Champlain: First French explorer to settle in North America ( New France) which today is Nova Scotia -French came to North America in search of trading animal skins for fish and furs. -Helped set up trading ports such as Québec City and Montreal.

* The thriving Dutch Colony New Netherlands - The Dutch Settled along the Hudson River Valley. It later became a barrier that blocked England from expanding westward. - It was established because trade was so prosperous. * The Impact on the Native Americans - Native Americans gave the French & Dutch fur pelts - French & Dutch made an alliance with the Native Americans - The French & Dutch traded with Native Americans , they did not make them labor or pay taxes. ( A peaceful relationship) -As the amount of animals decreased, the value of the Native American Land increased because more colonist needed farm land.