Lecture Week 7 RIPv2 Routing Protocols and Concepts

Objectives describe the limitations of RIPv1’s limitations. Apply the basic Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2) configuration commands and evaluate RIPv2 classless routing updates. Analyze router output to see RIPv2 support for VLSM and CIDR Identify RIPv2 verification commands and common RIPv2 issues. Configure, verify, and troubleshoot RIPv2

Introduction Difference between RIPv1 & RIPv2  RIPv1 A classful distance vector routing protocol Does not support discontiguous subnets Does not support VLSM Does not send subnet mask in routing update Routing updates are broadcast  RIPv2 A classless distance vector routing protocol that is an enhancement of RIPv1’s features. Next hop address is included in updates Routing updates are multicast ( vs ) The use of authentication is an option

Introduction Similarities between RIPv1 & RIPv2 –Use of timers to prevent routing loops –Use of split horizon or split horizon with poison reverse to also help prevent routing loops. –Use of triggered updates when there is a change in the topology for faster convergence. –Maximum hop count of 15, with the hop count of 16 signifying an unreachable network.

RIPv1 Limitations Lab Topology  3 router set up  Topology is discontiguous  There exists a static summary route  Static route information can be injected into routing table updates using redistribution.  Routers 1 & 3 contain VLSM networks  Both the R1 and R3 routers have subnets that are part of the /16 major classful network (class B).  Also, R1 and R3 are connected to R2 using subnets of the /24 major classful network (class C).  This topology is discontiguous and will not converge because /16 is divided by the /24.

RIPv1 Limitations… The topology shows that R2 has a static summary route to the /16 network. The configuration of this summary route will be displayed later in this section.

RIPv1 Limitations… Review the VLSM addressing scheme in the figure. As shown in the top chart, both R1 and R3 have had the /16 network subnetted into /24 subnets. –Four of these /24 subnets are assigned: –two to R1 ( /24 and /24) –two to R3 ( /24 and /24).

RIPv1 Limitations… In the bottom chart, we have taken the /24 subnet and subnetted it again, using the first four bits for subnets and the last four bits for hosts. The result is a mask or /28. Subnet 1 and Subnet 2 are assigned to R3.

RIPv1 Limitations… Scenario Continued VLSM -Recall this is sub netting the subnet Private IP addresses are on LAN links Public IP addresses are used on WAN links (through an ISP, or when inside users need to access outside sites, a public IP address must be used.) Loopback interfaces -These are virtual interfaces that can be pinged and added to routing table Cisco has set these addresses aside for educational purposes.

RIPv1 Limitations… Loopback interfaces  Notice that R3 is using loopback interfaces (Lo0, Lo1, and Lo2).  A loopback interface is a software- only interface that is used to emulate a physical interface.  Like other interfaces, it can be assigned an IP address.  Loopback interfaces are also used by other routing protocols, such as OSPF, for different purposes.

RIPv1 Limitations… Loopback interfaces  In a lab environment, loopback interfaces are useful in creating additional networks without having to add more physical interfaces on the router.  A loopback interface can be pinged and the subnet can be advertised in routing updates.  Therefore, loopback interfaces are ideal for simulating multiple networks attached to the same router.  In our example, R3 does not need four LAN interfaces to demonstrate multiple subnets and VLSM. Instead, we use loopback interfaces.

RIPv1 Limitations… Route redistribution – Redistribution involves taking the routes from one routing source and sending those routes to another routing source. In our example topology, we want the RIP process on R2 to redistribute our static route ( /16) by importing the route into RIP and then sending it to R1 and R3 using the RIP process.

RIPv1 Limitations… R2(config)#ip route Null0 –The address space represented by the static summary route /16 does not actually exist. –In order to simulate this static route, we use a null interface as the exit interface. – You do not need to enter any commands to create or configure the null interface. –It is always up but does not forward or receive traffic. Traffic sent to the null interface is discarded.

Static routes and null interfaces – R2(config)#ip route Null0  a static route must have an active exit interface before it will be installed in the routing table.  Using the null interface will allow R2 to advertise the static route in RIP even though networks belonging to the summary /16 do not actually exist.

Verifying and Testing Connectivity show ip interfaces brief –To test whether or not the topology has full connectivity, we first verify that both serial links on R2 are up using the show ip interface brief Ping  Whenever R2 pings any of the subnets on R1 or R3, only about 50% of the ICMP are successful.  R1 is able to ping but is unsuccessful when attempting to ping the on R3  R3 is able to ping but is unsuccessful when attempting to ping the on R1.

RIPv1 Limitations… RIPv1 – a classful routing protocol –Subnet mask are not sent in updates –Summarizes networks at major network boundaries –RIPv1 cannot support discontiguous networks, VLSM, or CIDR. –if network is discontiguous and RIPv1 configured convergence will not be reached –RIPv1 on both the R1 and R3 routers will summarize their subnets to the classful major network address of when sending routing updates to R2. –From the perspective of R2, both updates have an equal cost of 1 hop to reach network /16. As you will see, R2 installs both paths in the routing table.

RIPv1 Limitations  Examining the routing tables -To examine the contents of routing updates use the debug ip rip command R2 is receiving two equal cost routes with a metric of 1 hop. R2 is receiving one route on Serial 0/0/0 from R1 and the other route on Serial 0/0/1 from R3. R2 has two equal cost routes to the /16 network.

RIPv1 Limitations R1 has its own routes: /24 and /24. But R1 does not send R2 those subnets. R3 has a similar routing table. Both R1 and R3 are boundary routers and are only sending the summarized network to R2 in their RIPv1 routing updates. As a result, R2 only knows about the /16 classful network and is unaware of any subnets. R2 that it is not including the network in its updates to either R1 or R3. Because the split horizon rule is in effect. R2 learned about /16 on both the Serial 0/0/0 and Serial 0/0/1 interfaces, it does not include that network in updates it sends out these same interfaces.

RIPv1 Limitations Because RIPv1 does not send the subnet mask in routing updates, it cannot support VLSM. R3 router is configured with VLSM subnets, all of which are members of the class B network /16: – /24 (FastEthernet 0/0) – /24 (Loopback 0) – /28 (Loopback 1) – /28 (Loopback 2) As we saw with the /16 updates to R2 by R3, –RIPv1 either summarizes the subnets to the classful boundary –or uses the subnet mask of the outgoing interface to determine which subnets to advertise. R4 is added to the topology connected to R3

RIPv1 Limitations Why is RIPv1 on R3 not including the other subnets, /28 and /28, in updates to R4? –Those subnets do not have the same subnet mask as FastEthernet 0/0. –R3 will only include those routes in its routing table with the same mask as the exit interface. –Since the interface is with a /24 mask, it will only include subnets with a /24 mask. The only one that meets this condition is –The other subnets, /28 and /28, are not included because the /28 masks do not match the /24 mask of the outgoing interface. R4 is added to the topology connected to R3

RIPv1 Limitations No CIDR Support – R2(config)#ip route Null0 –the static route is included in R2's routing table, but R2 will not include the static route in its update –R1 is not receiving this /16 route in its RIP updates from R2, Reason: Classful routing protocols do not support CIDR routes that are summarized with a smaller mask than the classful subnet mask –If the static route were configured with a /24 mask or greater, this route would be included in the RIP updates.

Configuring RIPv2 Comparing RIPv1 & RIPv2 Message Formats –RIPv2 Message format is similar to RIPv1 but has 2 extensions 1st extension is the subnet mask field  allows a 32 bit mask to be included in the RIP route entry.  the receiving router no longer depends upon the subnet mask of the inbound interface or the classful mask when determining the subnet mask for a route 2nd extension is the addition of next hop address  The Next Hop address is used to identify a better next-hop address - if one exists - than the address of the sending router.  If the field is set to all zeros ( ), the address of the sending router is the best next-hop address.

Configuring RIPv2 Enabling and Verifying RIPv2 Configuring RIP on a Cisco router –By default it is running RIPv1 –Even though the router only sends RIPv1 messages, it can interpret both RIPv1 and RIPv2 messages. –A RIPv1 router will just ignore the RIPv2 fields in the route entry.

RIP V1 RIPV2

Configuring RIPv2 Configuring RIPv2 on a Cisco router -Requires using the version 2 command -RIPv2 ignores RIPv1 updates To verify RIPv2 is configured use the show ip protocols command

Comparing RIP v1 and v2 RIP v2  send and receive v2 RIP v1  send v1 but can receive both v1 and v2 Version 1 Version 2 No. I can not take version 1 Yes. I can take version 1 or 2 I can only send version 1 I can only send version 2 RIP network is broken

Configuring RIPv2 Auto-Summary & RIPv2 RIPv2 will automatically summarize routes at major network boundaries and can also summarize routes with a subnet mask that is smaller than the classful subnet mask

Configuring RIPv2 Disabling Auto- Summary in RIPv2 To disable automatic summarization issue the no auto- summary command

Configuring RIPv2 Verifying RIPv2 Updates When using RIPv2 with automatic summarization turned off Each subnet and mask has its own specific entry, along with the exit interface and next-hop address to reach that subnet. To verify information being sent by RIPv2 use the debug ip rip command

VLSM & CIDR RIPv2 and VLSM Networks using a VLSM IP addressing scheme Use classless routing protocols (i.e. RIPv2) to disseminate network addresses and their subnet masks

VLSM & CIDR CIDR uses Supernetting Supernetting is a bunch of contiguous classful networks that is addressed as a single network.

VLSM & CIDR To verify that supernets are being sent and received use the following commands -Show ip route -Debug ip rip

Verifying & Troubleshooting RIPv2 Basic Troubleshooting steps - Check the status of all links -Check cabling -Check IP address & subnet mask configuration -Remove any unneeded configuration commands Commands used to verify proper operation of RIPv2 –Show ip interfaces brief –Show ip protocols –Debug ip rip –Show ip route

Verifying & Troubleshooting RIPv2 Common RIPv2 Issues When trouble shooting RIPv2 examine the following issues:  Version Check to make sure you are using version 2  Network statements Network statements may be incorrectly typed or missing  Automatic summarization If summarized routes are not needed then disable automatic summarization

Verifying & Troubleshooting RIPv2 Reasons why it’s good to authenticate routing information -Prevent the possibility of accepting invalid routing updates -Contents of routing updates are encrypted Types of routing protocols that can use authentication -RIPv2 -EIGRP -OSPF -IS-IS -BGP

Summary Routing Protocol Distance Vector Classless Routing Protocol Uses Hold- Down Timers Use of Split Horizon or Split Horizon w/ Poison Reverse Max Hop count = 15 Auto Summary Support CIDR Supports VLSM Uses Authen- tication RIPv1YesNoYes No RIPv2Yes

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