Biological Molecules

ELECTRON -- CHARGE ORBIT AROUND NUCLEUS SAME # AS PROTONS PROTON + CHARGE FOUND IN NUCLEUS SAME # AS ELECTRONS NEUTRON 0 CHARGE FOUND IN NUCLEUS NUMBER VARIES ADD MASS TO ATOM PARTS OF AN ATOM

A MOLECULE IS A GROUP ATOMS EITHER ALIKE OR DIFFERENT ATOMS

SUBATOMIC PARTICLES ATOMS MOLECULES ELECTRON, PROTON, NEUTRON HYDROGEN, CARBON, IRON, SODIUM O 2, CO 2, WATER, GLUCOSE, DNA

ORGANIC MOLECULES CARBON, HYDROGENALL CONTAIN CARBON, AS A BASE MOLECULE, and HYDROGEN Organic MoleculeMade up of… Organic MoleculeMade up of… CarbohydrateC,H,O LipidsC,H,O ProteinsC,H,O,N Nucleic AcidsC,H,O,N,P

ORGANIC MOLECULES Each kind of organic molecule is made up of a different monomer Monomer - small individual molecules that connect to make up a polymer Polymer – a large molecule composed of repeating individual molecules called monomers All organic molecules important to life are large polymers.

CARBOHYDRATES Examples - Sugars, starches and cellulose Such as: Wheat, rice, corn, potato, barley, bread, pasta Used by organisms for ENERGY

CARBOHYDRATES GLUCOSE C_H_O_ (fill in blank)

CARBOHYDRATES cont… Monosaccharide (basic building block) Polysaccharide MONOMER = POLYMER =

LIPIDS Examples – Fats and Oils Such as: waxes, steroids, butter, cholesterol, shortening, cooking oils Used by organisms for long term energy storage and insulation

LIPIDS C 21 H

LIPIDS cont… Subunits = glycerol and each of the fatty acids Completed Molecule = 1 glycerol & 3 fatty acids bonded together Fatty acid 1 Fatty acid 2 Fatty acid 3 Glycerol

PROTEINS Examples – meats, nuts and beans, fish Makes muscle, feathers, hair and nails and enzymes An enzyme is a molecule that speeds up or slows down a chemical reaction so that it can occur at body temperature.

PROTEINS cont… Monomer – amino acids (20 different kinds) (basic building blocks) AlanineArginine AsparagineAspartic Acid CysteineGlutamic Acid GlutamineGlycine HistidineIsoleucine LeucineLysine MethioninePhenylalanine ProlineSerine ThreonineTryptophan TyrosineValine

Polymer –a chain of 50 –500 amino acids bonded by a peptide bond (polypeptide) The order of the amino acids determines what protein you will make and what its function will be. Polypeptide

PROTEINS cont… If there are between amino acids per protein and 20 different amino acids, how many different kinds of proteins are possible … = TMTC (TOO MANY TO COUNT)

hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood lysozymehydrolyzes bacterial cell walls collagen serves as scaffolding for support of tissues and organs, most abundant protein pepsin hydrolyzes dietary protein in the stomach trypsin hydrolyzes dietary protein in the small intestine casein found in milk, supplies amino acids to newborns insulin acts as a signal for the fed state myoglobin stores oxygen in muscle cells ferritin stores iron in the spleen rhodopsin transmits visual signals fibrin forms the insoluble network of blood clots amylase hydrolyzes starch in the mouth thrombin catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin antibody binds to a foreign antigen Some Human Proteins…

NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA and RNA Makes chromosomes (genetic information) Phosphate Sugar Nitrogen base Monomer – Nucleotides

NUCLEIC ACIDS cont… Polymer = Polynucleotide Nucleotide How many nucleotides does this DNA molecule contain?

Polynucleotide = DNA …double helix A double chain of nucleotides bonded together OR RNA – a single chain of nucleotides bonded together

Nucleic Acids direct the cell to produce specific proteins. The CARBOHYDRATES and LIPIDS provide the energy for the cell to make proteins. The PROTEINS your body make determine your physical traits (hair color, eye color, height...) and body functions (blood clotting, carrying oxygen, digesting food…)