LAB 8 Fungi

Presentations Three Fungi Groups Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota Three plant groups Coniferophyta, Anthophyta, Bryophyta Presentation needs to emphasize complete life cycle. Interesting fact 75% of the pictures must be ones you took/drew in lab 10 points - 7 for group grade -3 for individual grade Presentation skills.

Cordyceps: attach of the killer fungi XuKjBIBBAL8 XuKjBIBBAL8 ul_stamets/

What Domain?

SUPERGROUP UNIKONTA KINGDOM FUNGI

Monophyletic Biosynthetic pathway of Lysine Chitin in Cell walls 18s ribosomal DNA sequence

Fungi Primary Land Decomposers Across almost all Terrestrial Habitats About 1 million species and only about 10% described

Fungus Amongus! (Good) Reasons to Love Fungi: 1.Citric Acid/ Lemon -produced using Aspergillus niger 1.Bread –Rises via Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) 2.Cheese –Blue Cheese & Camembert –With Penicillium 3.Wine & Beer –Fermentation from Yeast 4.Soy Sauce –Fermentation from Aspergillus

European white truffles sell for as much as $3,600 a pound!

Fungus Amongus! (Not So Good?) Reason to Not Love Fungi: 1.Human Parasites –Ringworm –Athlete’s Foot Reasons to Love or Hate Fungi?: 1.Corn Smut  Ustilago maydis  Eaten in Latin America → Called Huitlacoche  Not Eaten in U.S. → Ruins Crops 2.Toxic Fungi  Many Fungi are Poisonous to Humans  Can Cause Slight Reaction to Death!  Some Species Cause Hallucinations → “Psychedelic/Magic Mushrooms”

Penicillin Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 from mold: Penicillium notatum Nobel Prize Named 100 most important people of the 20 th century. Changed the course of history

Bd (Chytrid Fungs) in Frogs

White nose in Bats Geomyces destructans 90% mortality Grave threat to bats

Fungal Characteristics Hyphae Contain Cell Walls – Chitin – Pores between cells Heterotrophic (Mostly) Multicellular Basic Structure called Mycelium – Composed of Fine Branching Tubes called Hyphae

Nutrition Absorb Food – Osmotrophic – Fine Hyphae Increase Absorption Capacity – External Secretion of Hydrolytic Enzymes & Acids to Decompose Complex Molecules – Food is Broken Down Externally then Absorbed. Nutritional Modes: 1.Saprobes → Live on Dead Materials (Decomposers) 2.Parasites → Live on Living Organisms (Pathogens) 3.Mutualists → Live on Living Organisms but Benefit that Organism

General Fungal Growth & Reproduction General Fungal Growth Pattern: 1.Spores Germinate. 2.Hyphae Emerge. 3.Hyphae Grow & Branch. 4.Hyphae Form a Mycelium. 5.Mycelium Forms a Colony. 6.Colony Produces Spores through Fruitbodies or Fragmentation. Spores → Units of Fungal Propagation

General Lifecycle

Reproduction 1.Haploid spores: produced asexually- conditions habitable, dispersed by wind and water. 2. Sexual spores: involves conjugation in which hyphae of two different strains join. a. plasmogamy: union of cytoplasm b. karyogamy: union of nuclei c. meiosis ---> spores ---> dispersal d. mitosis ----> haploid hyphae

General Fungal Growth & Reproduction Different Forms of Asexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction – Produces Haploid (n) Spores Via Fruitbodies or Various Methods of Fragmentation – Produced When Environmental Conditions are Good Sexual Reproduction – Produces Haploid (n) Spores Compatible hyphae fuse – Creates (n + n) hyphae Nuclei fuse (2n) Meiosis Occurs to produce spores in Fruitbodies. – Produced When Fungi are under Environmental Stress

Fungal Sexual Reproduction Separate Mitotic Divisions Greater Genetic Diversity, when Nuclei finally do Fuse & go through Recombination during Meiosis, each Meiotic Event will produce a Different Arrangement of the Genome! Why Fungi are Amazing!!

3 Major Phyla of Fungi Today’s Lab focuses on 3 Phyla of Fungi: 1.Zygomycota 2.Ascomycota 3.Basidiomycota 3 Phyla are members of “True” Kingdom Fungi. Phyla are separated based on asexual & sexual reproductive structures. Zygomycota Basidiomycota Ascomycota

Don’t forget about the Plants!

FUNGUS QUIZ NEXT WEEK Fungi life cycles – Compare to plant and animal Main characteristics of the 3 phyla in lab Be able to identify images Be familiar with slides and specimens Things that may apply from previous labs – Analogous vs. homologous structures – Taxonomic hierarchy – Etc…