Biolmolecules & Nutrition

e CHNOPS CarbonNitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur Hydrogen

ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C 6 H 12 O 6, CH 4 ) INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bonds (CO 2, H 2 O)

lipid carbohydrate protein nucleic acid water most important inorganic compound in living things most cellular processes take place in water solutions excellent solvent (substances dissolve in water) CO 2

Nutrition = obtaining and processing materials needed for your daily activities

Nutrients are chemical substances in food that provide energy, build cells & tissues

What are they made out of? Biomolecules 1.Carbohydrates (sugars) 2.Proteins 3.Lipids (fats) Other molecules needed by all living organisms: Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates (ose) Compound: C 6 H 12 O 6 (made from simple sugars like glucose) Foods: fruits & veggies, grains, sweets Use: energy Organelles: mitochondria, vacuoles

are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1 (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen) Carbohydrates are made by plants (autotrophs) are the body’s primary source of energy come in two basic forms: monomers and polymers are made of monomers (building blocks) called monosaccharides

Glucose is a monosaccharide. C6C6C6C6 H 12 O6O6 Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste. Other monosaccharides: fructose (fruit sugar) galactose (milk sugar). H CH2OHCH2OH O O H H H H OHOH OHOH OHOH H HH OHOH OHOH C C C C C Note the ring shape of the molecule.

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharides. glycogen--storage form of glucose in animals. stored in the liver. starch--storage form of glucose in plants cellulose--makes up the cell wall of plants, gives plant cells their rigidity chitin--make up exoskeletons of insects, crabs, lobsters, etc. Sucrose (table sugar) is an example of a sugar with only two monosaccharides. (disaccharide) O CH2OHCH2OH H O O H H H H OHOH OHOH OHOH H HH OHOH CH2OHCH2OH H H H OHOH H O O O HH OHOH OHOH H H CH2OHCH2OH H O O H H H H OHOH OHOH OHOH H HH OHOH C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C

What is the monomer (subunit) for carbohydrates? What are the functions of carbohydrates? Name examples of carbohydrates. monosaccharide (simple sugars) energy storage (short-term), structure or support glucose, starch, cellulose

Lipids Compound: CHO (a.k.a. fat) Foods: butter, oils, margarine, lard, fried food Use: store energy, build cell membrane, chemical messengers Organelles: cell membrane, golgi bodies, vacuoles

function in hormones and cell membrane and for energy storage chemically diverse organic compounds examples: fats, oils, waxes contain C, H, O water insoluble classified as saturated or unsaturated glycerol also steroids (serve as chemical messengers)

Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H O O C H C H C H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H O O C O O C H H O O C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H O O C C H C H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H O O C C H C H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H H made up of glycerolfatty acidsand

What are the molecules that make up lipids? What are the functions of lipids? Name examples of lipids. glycerol and fatty acids energy storage (long-term), make up the cell membrane and hormones body fat, oils, waxes

Proteins Compound: CHNO (made from amino acids) Foods: meat, beans and nuts Use: growth, cell reproduction, tissue repair, chemical reactions Organelles: ribosomes, chromosomes

Enzymes are proteins which function to control the rate of chemical reactions. complex organic compounds made up of amino acids, needed for the body to function properly examples: muscles, hair, cartilage, nails contain C, O, H, N and usually S or P image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program, 3D protein structure

an amino group are made up of and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids a carboxyl group H H N C H R O OHOH C C H HH H H NC H O OHOH C C OHOH HH H H NC H O OHOH C Alanine Serine

What is the monomer (subunit) for protein? What are the functions of protein? Name examples of proteins. amino acids structure or support; enzymes speed up chemical reactions muscles, hair, cartilage, nails

Nucleic Acids Compound: DNA & RNA (made from sugar, phosphates and nitrogen bases) Foods: (All organisms contain DNA) Use: stores genetic information Organelles: nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast

very large linear molecules examples: DNA and RNA contain C, H, N, O, P sugar phosphate nitrogen base nucleotide store genetic information, help to make proteins made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate and a N-base DNA molecule sugar phosphate nitrogen base

What is the monomer (subunit) for nucleic acids? What are the functions of nucleic acids? Name examples of nucleic acid. nucleotides store genetic information, help to make proteins DNA, RNA What are the compounds in a nucleotide? sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

Calorie = unit of energy Which nutrients have calories? Proteins: 1 gram = 4 cal Carbs: 1 gram = 4 cal Lipids: 1 gram = 9 cal Which is best? What does your body do with calories that you do not use?

How do I know what nutrients are in my food? 1.What is the serving size? 2.This has almost 1/2 your daily needs of what nutrient? 3.Does this contain significant amounts of vitamins? 4.Is this a “healthy” option?

Reagents Carbohydrate tests – Iodine (Lugol’s reagent) Tests for the presence of starch Turns a purple black color when starch is present – Benedict’s reagent Tests for the presence of sugar (monosaccharide) Turns orange/red/yellow when a sugar is present

Reagents Protein test – Biuret’s reagent Tests for the presence of a protein Turns a purple (light)/ violet color Lipid test – Sudan III Turns red in the presence of a lipid – Spot test Turns translucent

Reagents DNA tests – Methlyene blue Clear solution that turns blue in the presence DNA

Food Test Lab With a lab partner, test 5 foods and water to see whether they contain carbs, proteins or lipids Send one person from each group to get a small sample of each food in your test cups Add a small amount of the indicators and record your observations (turn in one table per partnership)