Unit 3: The Chemistry of Life Ch. 2 (pg. 30), Ch. 9 (pg ), Ch. 28 (pg ) The study of matter & the changes it undergoes

What is an Element? a substance made of only one type of atom Ex. = carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur

The 6 Most Abundant Elements in Biological Matter

the smallest part of an element What are Atoms?

What Makes Up an Atom? Subatomic particle Locationchargesymbol ProtonNucleus (center of atom)positive p+p+ NeutronNucleus (center of atom)neutral (no charge) n0n0 ElectronOrbit around nucleus (located in energy levels) negative e-e-

16 Using the Periodic Table of the Elements # of protons protons + neutrons also # of electrons bigger of the 2 #s to figure out # of neutrons… atomic mass – atomic number = neutrons

Electrons & Energy Levels Electrons in energy levels (“shells”) around nucleus 1 st shell  up to 2 electrons other shells  up to 8 electrons Hydrogen Oxygen How many more electrons can the 3 rd shell hold?

What Affects the Bonding of Atoms? the # of outer (valence) level electrons If outer level is: not full, atom is unstable will bond with electrons from other atom(s) to fill outer level full, atom is stable won’t bond

Atoms held together by shared electrons What causes a Covalent Bond?

What causes an Ionic Bond? Atoms held together when they lose or gain electrons Atoms & Bonding Interactive

Combinations of two or more atoms bonded together Ex. = O 2, H 2 0, C 6 H 12 O 6, NaCl, HCl What are Molecules/Compounds?

Simple Structure H 2 0, 0 2, NH 3, CO 2 Inorganic even though it contains carbon an exception to the rule Biological Chemistry: Inorganic Molecules

Biological Chemistry: Organic Molecules Contain: carbon! many atoms

Biological Chemistry: Monomers & Polymers Monomer = small molecule Polymer = large molecule made of repeated monomers

4 major types of organic biological molecules carbohydrates lipids (fats) proteins nucleic acids amino acidpolypeptide (protein) nucleotidenucleic acid (DNA & RNA) monosaccharidepolysaccharide fatty acids & glycerolLipid

Examples of Carbohydrates sugar starch cellulose

Functions of Carbohydrates Energy source, energy storage, support (plant cell walls) cellulose

Organic Biological Macromolecules Organic Biological Macromolecule Elements Contained Monomer (building blocks) PolymerFunction Carbohydrates (sugars, starches, cellulose) C, H, Omonosaccharide (simple sugars such as glucose) polysaccharide (such as starch & cellulose) Energy source, energy storage, plant cell walls Lipids (fats, oils, & waxes) Protein Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)

Examples of Lipids fat oil

Functions of Lipids Long-term energy storage, cell membrane, hormones, insulation, nerve transmission

Organic Biological Macromolecule Elements Contained Monomer (building blocks) PolymerFunction Carbohydrates (sugars, starches, cellulose) C, H, Omonosaccharide (simple sugars such as glucose) polysaccharide (such as starch & cellulose) Energy source, energy storage, plant cell walls Lipids (fats, oils, & waxes) C, H, OFatty acids & Glycerol (2 types of simple molecules… NOT monomers.) Not applicableLong-term energy storage, cell membrane, hormones, insulation, nerve transmission Protein Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA) Organic Biological Macromolecules

Examples of Proteins Meat,/ fish/ eggs/ nuts/ beans hormone muscle

Functions of Proteins Structure, enzymes, transport materials in & out of cells, hormones, muscle hormone muscle

Organic Biological Macromolecule Elements Contained Monomer (building blocks) PolymerFunction Carbohydrates (sugars, starches, cellulose) C, H, Omonosaccharide (simple sugars such as glucose) polysaccharide (such as starch & cellulose) Energy source, energy storage, plant cell walls Lipids (fats, oils, & waxes) C, H, OFatty acids & Glycerol (2 types of simple molecules… NOT monomers.) Not applicableLong-term energy storage, cell membrane, hormones, insulation, nerve transmission ProteinC, H, O, N, S Amino acids (20 different A.A.) PolypeptidesStructure, enzymes, transport materials in & out of cells, hormones, muscle Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA) Organic Biological Macromolecules

Nucleic Acid (entire structure) Examples of Nucleic Acids

Funcitons of Nucleic Acids DNA Genetic “blueprint” RNA Helps to build (synthesize) proteins

Organic Biological Macromolecule Elements Contained Monomer (building blocks) PolymerFunction Carbohydrates (sugars, starches, cellulose) C, H, Omonosaccharide (simple sugars such as glucose) polysaccharide (such as starch & cellulose) Energy source, energy storage, plant cell walls Lipids (fats, oils, & waxes) C, H, OFatty acids & Glycerol (2 types of simple molecules… NOT monomers.) Not applicableLong-term energy storage, cell membrane, hormones, insulation, nerve transmission ProteinC, H, O, N, S Amino acids (20 different A.A.) PolypeptidesStructure, enzymes, transport materials in & out of cells, hormones, muscle Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA) C, H, O, N, P Nucleotides (sugar-phosphate backbone & nitrogenous bases) Polynucleotide (Nucleic Acids) Carries genetic code (“blueprint for organism”) & directs protein synthesis Organic Biological Macromolecules