CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS MACROMOLECULES CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS

CARBOHYDRATES Used for energy and structure Made by plants from water and CO2 during photosynthesis EXAMPLES: Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

Monosaccharides Simple sugars; monomers Examples: Glucose (corn sugar, “blood sugar”) Fructose (honey) Galactose (part of milk sugar & yogurt)

Disaccharides (double sugars) Maltose = glucose + glucose (brewing beer) Lactose = glucose + galactose (milk sugar) Sucrose = glucose + fructose (table sugar)

Polysaccharides (long chains of sugar) Storage “energy” Structural Starch in potato cells Storage “energy” Starch (plants) Glycogen (animals) Structural Cellulose (plant cells) Chitin (insects, fungi) makes up cell walls of plants

LIPIDS All are Hydrophobic – “fear of water” Ex. FATS (Triglycerides) Saturated Unsaturated Polyunsaturated

Functions of FAT 3. Insulates the body 1. Energy storage Fat stores twice as much energy as glucose Fat produces twice as many calories when burned 2. Cushions organs (to protect from injury) 3. Insulates the body (to keep you warm) .

Types of FAT Saturated Unsaturated Hydrogenated Solid at room temp Liquid at room temp Solid at rm temp (Liquid oil converted to a solid) Animal fats: bacon, lard, butter Oils: olive oil, corn oil, cod liver oil Margarine, crisco

The structure of a FAT: Energy is found in the bonds and there is so much energy b/c there are so many bonds. That’s why it takes so much work to “burn” fat.

An Interesting Fact So, what’s OLESTRA? How come it makes chips and doritos “fat free”?? Olestra is a synthetic fat - it is very big and bulky. Because it is so bulky, the fat-digesting enzymes (lipases) in our intestines cannot break it down...and it passes through unchanged.

PROTEIN Amino acids are the building blocks 20 different amino acids Proteins (polypeptides) are constructed from these 20 amino acids. Each protein has a unique three-dimensional shape That shape allows it to function properly

Why do we need protein? What do we eat to get protein? What we do with the protein once we digest it: Muscle Hair Hemoglobin

Functions of Proteins Transport - Hemoglobin transports oxygen Hormones - Insulin helps regulate blood sugar; HGH helps you grow Contractile – Muscle protein Defensive - Antibodies fight infection Enzymes - Digestive enzymes break down food Structural – make up hair and nails

Denaturation A protein can be DENATURED by exposure to "harsh" environments such as heat, radiation, UV light. In these environments, the bonds that hold the protein together break and cause it to unravel This prevents the protein from functioning Heat

NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA RNA Contains genetic code What you inherited from you parents Give instructions to cell RNA Helps DNA do it’s job

Works Cited www.biology.iupui.edu/.../N100H/macromol.html http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/Carbohydrates.html#starches http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20100/Bio%20100%20Lectures/Biochemistry/biochemi.htm www.biology.com http://www.bioloj.ca/12U_Biology/macromolecule/lipids.html