REVIEW - TIME COMPLICATIONS Leisure time Recreation as activity within Leisure time Tourism as a subset of Recreation

REVIEW - TIME COMPLICATIONS Increases in Leisure time - personal and societal Movement away from standard ‘stereotyped’ packaging of time Poor data base to support understanding of changes

OTHER COMPLICATIONS

Impact of Technological Forces –Discussed impact on hours worked greater productivity, therefore fewer workers in previous job occupations. More jobs available trade-off of time for money May be a limit to this –Discussed impact on access change from emphasis on group access to individual access average Canadian family has over 2 cars

Impact of Technological Forces More indirect impacts –Impact on type of work perhaps based on a myth technology has allowed movement away from physical effort - at least less than in the past assumption that hard physical labour will lead to a more passive style of recreation (and vice versa) link to theories of why people recreate and what activities they will select

Impact of Technological Forces More indirect impacts –Impact on type of opportunities change in activities - linked to improvement (ease of operation in activities (golf, tennis, squash) new materials, analysis of equipment new activities combined with the above (windsurfing, snowboarding)

Impact of Social Forces Direct and indirect impacts –Longevity In 1930, the retirement age for Canadians was 65 In 1930, the life expectancy for Canadians was 64 In the 90’s - retirement age (official) is 65 life expectancy (average) is 76 Retirement time is discretionary time

Impact of Social Forces Direct and indirect impacts –Age Structure Linked to longevity By 2000, the median age in Canada will be 37 The number of seniors will be equal to the number of people under the age of 15 The major ‘bulge’ of the population will be in their forties Link this to early retirement or 2nd career changes

Impact of Social Forces Direct and indirect impacts –Urbanization Canadian urbanized areas account for about 85% of the population Associations are important - higher education, higher incomes, changes in family structure, access, and so on Increasing as these areas are ‘magnets’ for in migration populations

Impact of Social Forces Direct and indirect impacts Disposable Income (1997 $) $18,639 (after tax, per capita) $17,679 (after tax, per capita)

Introduction to Population Definitions SIZE OF THE POPULATION Differing and sometimes contradictory impacts carrying capacityOne way is to look at the problems of pressures on facilities - the question of carrying capacity

Carrying Capacity Example of a ski resort physical capacity - ski lift capacity, amount of rental equipment 2ancillary capacity - road network, outside accommodations, restaurants 3environmental capacity - ability of the physical environment to withstand pressure or to rebound from pressure

Piperoglou Carrying Capacity Carrying Capacity is the threshold of tourist activity beyond which physical capacity 1facilities are saturated - physical capacity environmental capacity 2environment is degraded - environmental capacity perceptual or psychological capacity 3visitor enjoyment is reduced - perceptual or psychological capacity

Establishment of levels - difficult task In a park - concern about quantity of resources tolerance of resources to use design and management of visitor facilities attitude and behaviour of visitors and managers

Carrying capacity will be discussed in detail in the impacts section of the course have to consider means of protection from abuse and problems with flow and efficiency In addition - concern for population as a stimulus to development (complexity and variety) within the recreational system

Threshold Populations Facility development, and activities, programmes and services are associated with the concept of threshold populations Minimum number of people that are needed to economically justify a facility, programme or service

Public Facilities No tendency to follow general patterns based on the size of the population irregular distribution and great variance with local and regional differences Governments are involved with acquisition and development of programs - the provision of facility development

Public Facilities Add to the planning by government objectives –establishment of external requirements –perceived needs of residents –local lobbying (pork barrel) End result with grants, subsidies –Pattern that cannot be explained by the operation of the market

Private System Greater conformity to the size and distribution of population (market) A threshold population is only part of the larger population –a split will give various users and non- users

Some facilities can survive with a small population (Lotto centre) –expectation of high frequency within an area Large centres (arenas, movieplexes) need a larger support population –expectation of low frequency –distance becomes a factor

Example Winchester (USA)- division of Olin Mfg - has a division to handle franchising of shooting ranges Studies showed that they needed a base population of 500,000 within a days drive Now have 21 of these facilities

USA - Base Populations 90’s

Next Week Implications Why is the real life pattern different than the theoretical pattern?