G. Examining and Repairing Diarthroses 1. Arthroscopy is a procedure for examining and repairing the interior of a joint with minimal incisions and anesthesia 2. Arthroplasty refers to the surgical replacement of joints

H. Disorders 1. Rheumatism refers to any painful state of the supporting structures of the body, such as bones, ligaments, tendons, joints, and muscles 2. Arthritis refers to many different diseases, most of which are characterized by inflammation of joints and often accompanied by stiffness of adjacent structures

a. Rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune disease, is an inflammation of the synovial membrane, causing swelling, pain, and loss of function b. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease commonly known as wear and tear arthritis. It is characterized by deterioration of articular cartilage and bone spur formation. It is non-inflammatory and primarily affects weight bearing joints

c. Gouty arthritis is a condition in which sodium urate crystals are deposited in soft tissues of joints causing inflammation, swelling, and pain. If not treated the bones at joints eventually fuse rendering the joints immovable 3. Lyme disease is caused by bacterium transmitted to humans by deer ticks a. Symptoms include a rash followed by flu-like illness leading to cardiac or neurological problems and arthritis

4. Bursitis is inflammation of bursae, caused by trauma, infection, or R.A. 5. Ankylosing spondylitis is an inflammatory disease that affects the joints between vertebrae and between the sacrum and the hipbone 6. A dislocation (luxation) is a displacement of a bone from a joint with tearing of ligaments, tendons, and articular capsules, these occur most commonly in the fingers and the shoulder a. A partial dislocation is a subluxation

7. A sprain is a forcible wrenching or twisting of a joint with partial rupture to its attachments without dislocation