By Jonathan Levesque 1

Table of contents: 1. What is fiber optics? 2. History 3. What is transoceanic fiber optics? 4. How does it work? 5. Advantages/Disadvantages 6. How is it installed? 7. How is it repaired? 8. What do we use it for? 9. Submarine cable types 10. Submarine cable faults 11. Impact on the environment 12. Other amazing technologies using fiber 13. References 2

What is fiber optics? It is a cable that contains hundreds of little fibers Transmits light pulses Widely used in fiber-optics telecommunications. Made of either glass(GOF) or plastic (POF) Single-mode or multimode fiber.multimode Applications done with fiber : Voice – Telephone trunk – Subscriber service – Near power plants – Along power lines – Along electric railways – Field communications Sensors – Gyroscope – Hydrophone – Position – Temperature – Electric and magnetic fields Video – Broadcast TV – CATV – Surveillance – Remote monitoring – Fiber-guided missile – Fiber-to-the-home Data – Computers – Interoffice data links – Local-area networks – Fiber-to-the-home – Aircraft/ship wiring – Satellite ground stations 3

History: -First submarine cable between England and France. -Proposed by Charles K. Kao and George Hockham in Successfully developed by Corning Glass Works in In 1975 the first commercial fiber optic communication system was developed -In 1977 General telephone and Electronics sent the first live telephone traffic through fiber. -In 1981 single mode fiber was released. -In 1988 the first transatlantic telephone cable to use fiber. -In 2001 fourth-generation fiber reached a bit rate of 10Tb/s. 4

What is transoceanic fiber? Communication across the ocean with fiber cables at the bottom of the ocean. Long communication distances Needs repeaters Nu-wave xls/DWDM and repeaters (nxt).DWDM 5

How does it work?  Transmission of light pulses  Transmitters  Receivers  Amplifiers  Repeaters 6

Advantages/Disadvantages Advantages: -Quality -Noise immunity -Time delay -Bandwidth Disadvantages: -vulnerable -Special equipment needed -Susceptible to physical damage -Cost still high 7

How is it installed? Floated ashore from ship Floatation bags Cableship follows predetermined route Cable ends jointed Deployed on the seabed lucent.com/submarine/products/marine/index.htm# lucent.com/submarine/products/marine/index.htm# 8

How is it repaired? Recovering the cable from seabed Removing the damaged part Replacing the damaged part Placing it back on seabed 9

What do we use it for? Telephone traffic Internet traffic Private data traffic Backbone 10

Submarine cable types 11

Submarine cable faults 12

Impact on the environment Use of environmentally friendly fluids No greases, oils or lubricants in contact with the sea Containment Double/triple sealing 13

Other amazing technologies using fiber. Telecommunication Illuminate decorative applications Remote sensing Networking Amplification 14

References Wikipedia/multimode fiber Wikipedia/fiber optics Alcatel Google books Google images SCIG cable faults Fujitsu 15