Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 1 Task 1 (1g Tests) Experimental and Micromechanical Computational Study of Pile Foundations Subjected to Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Spreading - Task 1 (1g Tests) S. Thevanayagam, UB Research Progress Meeting April 13, 2006, 2-4 pm; UB-VTC (Follow-up meeting after 3/30/06) PI: R. Dobry, co-PI’s: A. Elgamal, S. Thevanayagam, T. Abdoun, M. Zeghal UB-NEES Lab: A. Reinhorn, M. Pitman, J. Hanley, T. Albrechcinski, Tulane:Usama El Shamy Students: N. Ecemis, Peng Hao; RPI Students

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 2 Agenda – 4/13/06 Review of Minutes (ST, RD) Status update on Gr. Motion & Slope – Who is doing what? Decide a Deadline for Decision on Gr. Motion & Slope 3D Visualization & IT Preparations (Hassan) 3D Visualization (10 min presentation) Interactive Website (Very preliminary discussion, what to do) Progress on Non-Destructive Testing (MP, MZ) Converge on Action Plan & Deadline (MP, MZ, RD) Status Briefing (Unfinished Business from 3/30/06) UB Test Preparations Instrumentation & Coord (ST & TA) – Discussion on 4/11

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 3 Ground Motion/Slope Discussion Consensus on Ground motion – Gradually Increase Accc. & continue shaking until sufficient deformation Watch for interlaminate drift limits as well as global limits Safety Issues – Limiting Cables & Gr. Motion controls Do not make slope too small Need more work before deciding on slope Calibrate Cyclic 1D & DEM – Work ongoing at RPI Ring Correction: Box Inclination = Field Inclination / 2.2 (approx) Ring Friction Correction is not significant Membrane – Wrinkle (work ongoing at UB) Perform LG-1 with GM#2 or GM#4 before FINAL decision on Slope UB will prepare slope-possibilities for 1, 1.5 & 2 deg.

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 4 Agenda – 4/13/06 Review of Minutes (ST, RD) Status update on Gr. Motion & Slope – Who is doing what? Decide a Deadline for Decision on Gr. Motion & Slope 3D Visualization & IT Preparations (Hassan) 3D Visualization (10 min presentation) Interactive Website (Very preliminary discussion, what to do) Progress on Non-Destructive Testing (MP, MZ) Converge on Action Plan & Deadline (MP, MZ, RD) Status Briefing (Unfinished Business from 3/30/06) UB Test Preparations Instrumentation & Coord (ST & TA) – Discussion on 4/11

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 5 Agenda – 4/13/06 Review of Minutes (ST, RD) Status update on Gr. Motion & Slope – Who is doing what? Decide a Deadline for Decision on Gr. Motion & Slope 3D Visualization & IT Preparations (Hassan) 3D Visualization (10 min presentation) Interactive Website (Very preliminary discussion, what to do) Progress on Non-Destructive Testing (MP, MZ) Converge on Action Plan & Deadline (MP, MZ, RD) Status Briefing (Unfinished Business from 3/30/06) UB Test Preparations Instrumentation & Coord (ST & TA) – Discussion on 4/11

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 6 Agenda – Status Briefing UB-Schedule (Theva) Overall Schedule Equipment Fabrication/Assembly - Readiness Test Schedule & Instrumentation Schedule (& Procurement) (ST) Coord. with RPI (Instrumentation), UB & IT (ST, TA, AMR) Ground Motion & Ground Slope (Theva) Liquefaction Simulations: UB; RPI; Tulane ( NE, MG, Usama, 5min each ) Conclusions – Gr Motion & Slope (Elgamal, Ricardo) Non-Destructive Testing – Preliminary (Elgamal, Mourad, MP) Test Preparations Status (Nurhan) Laminar Box, Floor, Actuator Control – Status & Readiness (ST, AMR, MP) Sand Construction, CPT; Instrument Procurement & Placement (ST, TA, AMR)

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 7 Agenda- Prelim Discussion Saturated Free-Field Liquefaction Tests (Theva) Instrumentation – Plan & Adequacy (TA, ST) Level Ground (LG-1) – Uncertainty & Decision on Ground motion (Ricardo) Sloping Ground (SG-1) – Uncertainty & Decision & Corrections/ Box Slope; Gr. Motion (Ricardo) Pre-test Data for FEM/DEM modelers – Additional Data Needed? (Mourad, Usama, Elgamal) Single Pile Tests (Theva) Instrumentation – Plan & Adequacy (TA, ST) High-EI Pile (Test 1A) – Decision on EI – Value? (Ricardo) Low-EI Pile (Test 1B) – Decision on EI – Value? (Ricardo) )

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 8 Year-1 Schedule ( )

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 9

10 Laminar Box – Strong Floor Foot Print Strong Floor – Reserved April 1 – Oct.31, 06

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory LAMINAR BOX - DYNAMIC ACTUATOR Reserved April 1 – Oct.31, 06 Controller – To be tested by Mark Pitman – 3/15- 4/30/06 3 x 200 kips Dynamic Actuator Bridge Deck Actuator Base Plate Loading Frame

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 12 Loading Frame Design Completed; Fabrication ongoing; Delivery April 17, 06

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 13 Laminar Box – Strong Floor Modification PLAN VIEW Machined Base Steel Plate – UB NEES Funded

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 14 Sand Construction - Hydraulic Filling Initial Slurry Pump Tests completed – Oct 05; Sand pumping/Density Control Tests – April 06 (weather)

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 15 CPT/Density Testing

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 16 Cone Density Testing Plastic Container = 4 ltr Metal Cone a = 6 ½ in b = 6 ½ in c = 1/2 in Base Plate 12 x 12 in

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 17 Discussion between Tarek, Theva, Andrei, and Nurhan on on on Instrumentation

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 18 Agenda- Prelim Discussion Saturated Free-Field Liquefaction Tests (Theva) Instrumentation – Plan & Adequacy (TA, ST) Level Ground (LG-1) – Uncertainty & Decision on Ground motion (Ricardo) Sloping Ground (SG-1) – Uncertainty & Decision & Corrections/ Box Slope; Gr. Motion (Ricardo) Pre-test Data for FEM/DEM modelers – Additional Data Needed? (Mourad, Usama, Elgamal) Single Pile Tests (Theva) Instrumentation – Plan & Adequacy (TA, ST) High-EI Pile (Test 1A) – Decision on EI – Value? (Ricardo) Low-EI Pile (Test 1B) – Decision on EI – Value? (Ricardo) 3-D Visualization & IT Preparations (Hassan, 10 minute Presentation)

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 19 Instrumentation Plan LG-1 & SG-1

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 20 Instrumentation Placement – LG-1 & SG-1 Plan View

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 21 Soil Instrumentation Plan – LG-1 & SG-1

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 22 Instrumentation: Tests LG-1 & SG-1

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 23 Piezometers 1. Initial locations & No. of piezometers - Satisfactory? 2. How to place them at specific locations (Piezometers are planned to be tied to a weak-extensible fabric/cable tied at the base or hung from the top of the box. How to ensure accuracy of sensor locations) 3. Allow piezometers to ‘flow’ with the soil? 4. How will we know its position after movement? Assume – same as deformed shape of MEMS Tubing Instrumentation Discussion: Tests LG-1 & SG-1

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 24 MEMS – Shape AccelArray 1. Use MEMS instead of accelerometers in soil. (check readings with a few side-by-side accelerometers) 2. Initial locations & No. of sensors satisfactory? – Spaced every Foot 3. MEMS tubing tied at the bottom 4. ‘MEMS tube’ flexible enough to experience large deformations (36mm interlaminate drift)? YES 5. MEMS tube flows with soil? – Fixed at Bottom, flex with soil; pay attention to density of tube system (same as soil) Instrumentation Discussion: Tests LG-1 & SG-1

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 25 TP – On hold for now 1. Measure horiz stress at 1 location and vert 2 locations at bottom. 2. Size of TP? ( No more than ring size:10’’; Different sizes are available. Ultra thin - 0.1mm) (2x2, 6x6, 12x12 inch) 3. TP Location: Inside sand or outside the membrane? If it is inside the sand wetting and leak/sealing issues have to be discussed. 4. Cabling from TP to DAQ? 50 ft (Connects to its PC card, the data is collected from a laptop with a serial port.) Synchronization (Global clock) Instrumentation Discussion: Tests LG-1 & SG-1

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 26 Potentiometer Reference Frame: 1. Strong Wall – One frame (E-W Direction) 2. N-S (use accelerometers) Need to coordinate with MP 1m gap displacement range (MP, AMR, ST) Instrumentation Discussion: Tests LG-1 & SG-1

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 27 Other – Cameras & Krypton 1. To be discussed with Jason & MP 2. Experimentation with Camera location and Krypton location to capture box response, and top of soil near center line. Instrumentation Discussion Item #1: Tests LG-1 & SG-1

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 28 Membrane 1. Membrane Stiffness 2. Membrane Tensile strength 3. Membrane Extension (failure) = 520% 4. Wrinkling to reduce tension and rupture 5. Membrane resistance to lateral deformation ranges (lb/mm extension). Instrumentation Discussion : Tests LG-1 & SG-1

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 29 Equipment & Instruments – Plan

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 30 Agenda- Prelim Discussion Saturated Free-Field Liquefaction Tests (Theva) Instrumentation – Plan & Adequacy (TA, ST) Level Ground (LG-1) – Uncertainty & Decision on Ground motion (Ricardo) Sloping Ground (SG-1) – Uncertainty & Decision & Corrections/ Box Slope; Gr. Motion (Ricardo) Pre-test Data for FEM/DEM modelers – Additional Data Needed? (Mourad, Usama, Elgamal) Single Pile Tests (Theva) Instrumentation – Plan & Adequacy (TA, ST) High-EI Pile (Test 1A) – Decision on EI – Value? (Ricardo) Low-EI Pile (Test 1B) – Decision on EI – Value? (Ricardo) 3-D Visualization & IT Preparations (Hassan, 10 minute Presentation)

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 31 Pile Preparation & Plans

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 32 PILE

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 33 Instrumentation Plan Single Pile

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 34 Instrumentation Placement –Test 1A & 1B Plan View

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 35 Instrumentation – Test 1A & 1B sealing needed? Instrument cables

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 36 Instrumentation: Single Pile (Test 1A & 1B)

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 37 Instrumentation – Test 1A & 1B (Single Pile)

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 38 Piezometers 1. Initial locations & No. of piezometers - Satisfactory? Piezometers are planned to be tied to the weak-extensible cable tied at the base or hung from the top of the box. How to ensure accuracy of sensor locations. Also, Piezometers tied to Pile. 2. Do we want the piezometers to stay at fixed ‘initial’ coordinates or ‘flow’ with the soil (or Pile)? 3. How will we know its position after movement? Instrumentation Discussion: Single Pile Tests

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 39 Strain Gages 1. Locations & No. of strain gages - Satisfactory? 2. Installed on pile outer surface; cabling from inside the pile through holes on pile (sealed); How to water-seal cables (if outside pile). Instrumentation Discussion: Single Pile Tests

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 40 MEMS – Shape AccelArray 1. Use MEMS instead of accelerometers in soil. 2. Initial locations & No. of sensors satisfactory? 3. MEMS tubing tied at the bottom of box? 4. ‘MEMS tube’ flexible enough to experience large deformations (36mm interlaminate drift)? 5. MEMS tube flows with soil? 6. Same Questions for MEMS tube tied to pile Instrumentation Discussion: Single Pile

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory 41 TP 1. Measure horiz stress at 1 location and vert 2 locations at bottom. 2. Size of TP? ( No more than ring size:10’’; Different sizes are available. Ultra thin - 0.1mm) 3. TP Location: Inside sand or outside the membrane? If it is inside the sand wetting and leak/sealing issues have to be discussed. 4. Cabling from TP to DAQ? (Connects to its PC card, the data is collected from a laptop with a serial port.) 5. TP wrapped around Pile? How…details? Instrumentation Discussion: Single Pile