Unit 7- Cell Cycle, DNA, and Protein Synthesis 7c- Protein Synthesis

Bellwork DNA is made up of: What are the nitrogen bases? Which ones bond together? Name the enzyme that “unzips” the DNA strand. Name the one that builds the new strand? What is the result of DNA replication? You have the strand ATCGCA. What is the complementary strand?

Agenda Collecting Cell Cycle Books Tomorrow: 1-28 Study Guide Check. Build DNA activity (30 minutes to complete) Notes on Transcription

This week: Test on Thursday (Cell Cycle, Mitosis, DNA, Protein synthesis) Benchmark on Friday (Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Thursday test)

If you missed.. Remember, some of you need to still take your test on Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration. We had an open note quiz on Friday, must retake.

Build DNA molecule Activity Trace nucleotides. Color in via chart. Pair correct nitrogen bases. Tape!

Build DNA: 30 minute sand timer This ‘sand timer’ will start on a mouse click anywhere on the slide. The ‘sand’ will drain from the top section to the lower section and when completed will show the word ‘End’. To change the timings of this timer, you need to enter the animation settings, and change the timings for the Isosceles Triangles. There will be 2 that need changing (to the same amount) – one animates the top triangle emptying, whilst the other animates the bottom triangle filling. When you change the timings these have to entered as a number of seconds. End

Protein Synthesis When a particular protein is needed, the cell must make the protein through the process of protein synthesis. DNA molecules do not leave the nucleus, but protein synthesis must occur on the ribosomes which are located in the cytoplasm. Therefore, the code must be carried from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

RNA Structure RNA (ribonucleic acid) differs from DNA in 3 basic ways Contains the sugar ribose Contains the nitrogenous base uracil instead of thymine Complementary bases: Guanine to Cytosine, Uracil to Adenine Single chain of nucleotides with nitrogen bases exposed along the side

Types of RNA Cells have 3 types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) Carries the instructions from a gene to make a protein Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Part of the structure of ribosomes Transfer RNA (tRNA) Transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein

Transcription Process by which a portion of the molecule of DNA is copied into a complementary strand of RNA. Through a series of chemical signals, the gene for a specific protein is turned on. An enzyme attaches to the exact location on the DNA molecule where the gene is found. The two strands of DNA at that location separate.

Transcription Complementary RNA nucleotides bond to the nitrogenous bases on one of the separated DNA strands. The chain of RNA nucleotides forms a single-stranded molecule of RNA by using the DNA strand as a template. This is called messenger RNA (mRNA) Example: DNA - ATTGCTCCG RNA – UAACGAGGC

Transcription The mRNA strand separates from the DNA molecule, leaves the nucleus and goes through the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm. The two DNA strands rejoin. mRNA leaves through nuclear pores in the nuclear membrane

Transcription http://www.dnalc.org/resources/3d/12-transcription-basic.html

Checkpoint! Add to Bellwork, Turn In In a brief statement, what is transcription? Part of DNA is copied to make a complementary strand of RNA What is its purpose? To provide the instructions for making the body’s proteins (such as enzymes, hemoglobin, keratin) What do you think happens next? mRNA goes to cytoplasm to start making that protein on ribosomes

End of Class 1-28 check, Study Guide

Exit Ticket How does RNA differ from DNA? What are the three types of RNA? Tell me the complementary RNA strand to the DNA strand ATCAGCTA:

Translation Translation is the process by which the genetic message, carried by the mRNA, is used to assemble a protein. Each 3-base nucleotide sequence on the mRNA is called a codon. Each codon specifies a particular amino acid that will be used to build the protein molecule. 64 different possible combinations (4^3) to code for 20 amino acids Some amino acids have more than one codon coded for it. This helps minimize errors. One codon serves as a start codon (AUG) and 3 codons serve as stop codons

Translation Amino acid The mRNA attaches to a ribosome, which contains proteins & rRNA. tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome in the order specified by the codon sequence on the mRNA. At one end of each tRNA is the anticodon, a region that consists of three nucleotide bases that are complementary to the codon of mRNA. The other end binds to the specific amino acid that is determined by the mRNA codon. Anticodon

Translation The anticodon of the tRNA pairs to the codon of the mRNA. When a 2nd tRNA with its specific amino acid pairs to the next codon in sequence, the attached amino acid breaks from the first tRNA, and is bonded to the amino acid of the second tRNA. tRNA

Translation tRNA The ribosome forms a peptide bond between the amino acids, and an amino acid chain begins to form. The empty tRNA moves off and picks up another matching amino acid from the cytoplasm in the cell. This is repeated until the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA, which signals the end of protein synthesis.

Translation Steps What happens to proteins after translation? ER, Golgi, somewhere in cell or out of cell http://www.biostudio.com/demo_freeman_protein_synthesis.htm

Practice mRNA codons: UAA CGA GGC tRNA anticodons: AUU GCU CCG

Practice DNA: TAC TGA GCC mRNA: AUG ACU CGG Amino Acids: Met Thr Arg

Processes and Code Transfer Replication – copies DNA to make another identical double strand of DNA Transcription – makes a copy of a section of DNA and creates a single strand of mRNA Translation – reads the sequence of mRNA nucleotides to build a protein

Other Functions of RNA RNA plays an important role in protein synthesis but it can also have other functions in the cell. mRNA is essential to transcription, tRNA is essential to translation, & rRNA makes up ribosomes in which translation takes place. Other tasks: Many types of RNA have been found to function as enzymes. In eukaryotes, there are kinds of RNA that help regulate gene expression & modify other types of RNA. In prokaryotes, RNA is involved in a wide range of processes, like regulation of bacterial growth. New forms and functions of RNAs continue to be discovered.

Mutations If the mRNA does not copy the code correctly, the amino acid chain will be altered – this is called a mutation