NATION STATES IN INDIA Pre – War background Pre – War background: AMRITSAR MASSACRE:

NATION STATES IN INDIA Pre – War background Pre – War background: ahimsa Used ahimsa (non-violence) and civil disobedience against unjust laws after experiencing racism

Mohandas Gandhi Pre – War background Pre – War background: ahimsa Used ahimsa (non-violence) and civil disobedience against unjust laws after experiencing racism

Salt March Mohandas Gandhi Salt March 12 March 1930 Tax resistance and nonviolent protest against the British salt monopoly in colonial India Triggered a world reaction to the British and a wider Civil Disobedience Movement

INDIA World War II - World War II - post-pones attempts at Independence the Congress party Gandhi and the Congress party were Hindu The Muslim League The Muslim League – Muhammad Ali Jinnah Feared discrimination Demanded a Separate nation – Pakistan

INDIA New nations August 15, 1947 India India – Hindu Pakistan Pakistan - Muslim

INDIA Refugee Violence Muslims slaughtered by Hindus and Sikhs Hindus slaughtered Muslims Gandhi was devastated by the division Spoke out against it. He was assassinated by a Hindu radical

INDIA Nuclear Arms Race Hindu principles India is the Worlds Largest Democracy Two major parties: – Pro Hindu part – Pro separation of religion/government party

AFRICAN DE-COLONIZATION AND NATIONALISM

Ghana Ghana (The Gold Coast) – 1957 Kwame Nkrumah leader of Ghana and its predecessor state, the Gold Coast Overseeing the nation's independence from British colonial rule in 1957 The first President and Prime Minister of 20th-century advocate of Pan-Africanism Sub-Sahara African De-Colonization

Ghana (The Gold Coast) – 1957 Kwame Nkrumah Kenya – 1963 European population blocked independence Led to armed revolt Constitution: Queen Elizabeth II, was represented as head of state by a Governor-General of Kenya. provided for a bicameral parliament - the National Assembly Senate and the House of Representatives Sub-Sahara African De-Colonization

Republic of Congo Belgium left behind chaos and civil war Fighting continues… publishes a "30-Year Plan" for granting the Congo increased self-government – Belgium begins to lose control over events in the Congo following serious nationalist riots in Leopoldville Sub-Sahara African De-Colonization

South Africa Colonized government began in 1910 Apartheid – segregation laws Majority black population given no rights 87% of land controlled by British (whites)

South Africa African National Congress (ANC) Organizes resistance to South African government The Sharpeville massacre (1960) After a day of demonstrations against the Pass laws, a crowd of about 5,000 to 7,000 black protesters went to the police station. The South African police opened fire on the crowd, killing 69 people. Changed the course of resistance in South Africa Nelson Mandela Led by Nelson Mandela, the resistance became violent by bombing sites present-day South Africa, 21 March is celebrated as a public holiday in honor of human rights and to commemorate the Sharpeville massacre.

South Africa African National Congress (ANC) Nelson Mandela convicted and sent to prison for 27 years

South Africa Colonized government began in 1910 Apartheid – segregation laws Majority black population given no rights 87% of land controlled by British (whites) African National Congress (ANC) Organizes resistance to South African government United Nations Boycott and economic sanctions

South Africa Colonized government began in 1910 Apartheid – segregation laws Majority black population given no rights 87% of land controlled by British (whites) African National Congress (ANC) Organizes resistance to South African government United Nations Boycott and economic sanctions National Party takes apart Apartheid – 1989 Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandela released from prison Mandela becomes first freely elected President of South Africa

Rwanda Rwanda – 1994 Unrelated ethnic groups fought for power once European power left 100 day genocide - Hutu killed Minority Tutsis…Million Tutsis died Sub-Sahara African De-Colonization