Pregnancy And Lactation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Life Cycle Nutrition

Prior To Pregnancy Fertility Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Prior To Pregnancy Goals –Achieve and maintain a healthy body weight –Choose an adequate and balanced diet –Be physically active –Avoid harmful influences Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Fetal Growth And Development Ovum + sperm  zygote Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Fetal Growth And Development Zygote –Implantation Embryo Fetus Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Stages of Embryonic And Fetal Development

Placenta Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Critical Periods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Critical Periods Neural tube defects –Anencephaly –Spina bifida Folate supplementation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Critical Periods Chronic diseases Fetal programming Epigenetics Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Weight Prior To Conception Underweight –Preterm Overweight and obesity –Post term –Cesarean section Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Weight Gain Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Weight Gain Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Weight Gain Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Weight Loss Weight loss after pregnancy Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Exercise During Pregnancy Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Energy And Nutrient Needs Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Comparison Of Nutrient Recommendations For Nonpregnant, Pregnant, And Lactating Women

Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Nutrition-Related Concerns Nausea Constipation and hemorrhoids Heartburn Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Nutrition-Related Concerns Food cravings and aversions Nonfood cravings –Pica Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

High-Risk Pregnancies Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

High-Risk Pregnancies Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Infant’s Birth Weight Low birth weight –5.5 lb –Preterm appropriate for age (AGA) –Small for gestational age (SGA) –Complications during delivery Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Malnutrition And Pregnancy Fertility –Amenorrhea; low sperm viability Early pregnancy –Placenta problems Fetal development –Critical periods: malformations –Spontaneous abortion and stillbirth –Premature birth and low birthweight Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Food Assistance Programs WIC –Food vouchers restricted foods –Nutrition education Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Maternal Health Preexisting diabetes Gestational diabetes –Risk factors Older age, BMI >25m, family history Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Maternal Health Preexisting hypertension –Low birthweight; separation of placenta Transient hypertension of pregnancy –2 nd half; mild; normalizes after birth Preeclampsia and eclampsia –Severe problems Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Mother’s Age Pregnancy in adolescents –Anemia and prolonged labor –Low birthweight, preterm, stillbirths –May need additional weight gain Pregnancy in older women –Hypertension and diabetes –Down syndrome Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Practices Incompatible With Pregnancy Alcohol –Fetal alcohol syndrome –First two months and critical periods Medicinal drugs –Need monitoring Herbal supplements –Check with physician Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Practices Incompatible With Pregnancy Illicit drugs –Cross placenta Smoking and chewing tobacco –Low birthweight –Separation of placenta –SIDS Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Practices Incompatible With Pregnancy Environmental contaminants –Lead and mercury Foodborne illness –Listeria Vitamin-mineral megadoses Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Practices Incompatible With Pregnancy Caffeine –Spontaneous abortion with excess Weight-loss dieting –Hazardous Sugar substitutes –Acceptable under FDA guidelines Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Lactation Mammary glands Prolactin Oxytocin Let-down reflex Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Breastfeeding Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Breastfeeding Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Mother’s Nutrient Needs During Lactation Energy intake and exercise –+500 (330 food;170 stores) –Lactic acid in milk Energy nutrients –Increase CHO and fiber Vitamins and minerals –Uses mother’s stores –Deficiency affects quantity, not quality Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Mother’s Nutrient Needs During Lactation Water Nutrient supplements –iron Particular foods –Food allergies –Strong spicy flavor Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Practices Incompatible With Lactation Alcohol Medicinal drugs Illicit drugs Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Practices Incompatible With Lactation Smoking Environmental contaminants Caffeine Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Maternal Health And Lactation HIV infection and AIDS Diabetes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Maternal Health And Lactation Postpartum amenorrhea –Conserves iron –Pregnancy still possible Breast health Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning