1 DEPENDENCIES AND ADDICTIONS

2 Types of Dependencies A. Normal B. Abnormal 1.Habit disorders (e.g., eating) 2.Addictions (e.g., alcoholism)

3 Developmental Course of Normal Dependence Normal 1. On parents/adults 2. On peers 3. On resources What are the implications for accommodation for a child overly dependent on an teacher?

4 The Function of Dependence Avoidance of failure or the social embarrassment of failure

Communication Characteristics Often seeks social approval, for example, by saying “did I do a good job?” Has difficulty with decisions Often complains 5

6 Counterdependency Characteristics Conveys the attitude “I can do it myself”--by hasn’t a clue Authority avoidant Yet like a dependent, s/he complains and waits for others to act first

Case Study “Jennifer” Divorce of Parents and abandonment by father Youngest of three children and only girl Sexually and physically abused by older sibling Little or no maternal intervention Frequent relocation of family home and school Age 15 abandoned by mother Drop out of high school at 16 Series of failed and abusive personal relationships Series of menial jobs

Caught in a Strange Environment Called: Home

9 HABIT DISORDERS Of EATING Anorexia nervosa Bulimia Eating disorders are disturbances of identity and autonomy not of appetite

10 LOOK AT THIS LINK Thin (Preview)THIS LINK

11 ANOREXIA NERVOSA : ETIOLOGY 1.BIOPHYSICAL FACTORS (a)genetic factors, hormonal and endocrine problems, or malfunctions of hypothalamus (b)Changes in blood flow in the brain 2.PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS Linked to control issues; they may perceive themselves as controlled externally, are less assertive, and come from families that do not encourage independence (Williams, Chamove, & Millar, Journal of Clinical Psychology, 29, ) 3.ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS put on child to be perfect -- high expectations from significant others; pressure from media to look a certain way; low self-esteem

Addictive Behavior From dependency to addictions 12

Look at this link. videothis link 13

Types of Addiction Common addictions are: 1. Shopping 2.Alcohol 3.Drugs 4.Sex 5.Gambling 6.smoking 14

Contributing factors 1.Environment: Readily available substances 2.Individual’s: a)Physiological level of anxiety and response to stress b)Physiological positive reaction to the drug substance, with a need to increase dose and frequency of use. c)Psychology: Impairment in the ability to obtain real satisfactions and rewards from life; turns to alternative artificial rewards offered by different types of addictions 15

16 “Mental Bookkeeping” -- addicts weigh incorrectly the positive and negatives of their addiction (irrational), which is a form of denial the addict begins to place more emphasis on the positive aspects of the behavior, this emphasis later becomes a need. Obsessive thoughts COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS

Example of Cognitive Distortion 17

INTERVENTIONS Is not curable but is treatable. 1.Total abstinence: the risk of relapse is present throughout life no matter how long the recovery. 2.‘Just say no’ education programs work 3.Self-help groups work 18

9/14/2015Zentall19 CHILD ABUSE

9/14/2015Zentall20 Read this link material:link material: bs/factsheets/signs.cfm

9/14/2015Zentall21 Prevalence 33% of disabled children vs. 9% nondisabled children

9/14/2015Zentall22 Physical Abuse Physical Characteristics Signs of Abuse: – Unexplainable bruises or injuries – May wear clothes to cover bruises – Fear of medical help – Sexual abuse may lead to lacerations or tears

9/14/2015Zentall23 Social Characteristics Sometimes goes unnoticed Change in personality »

9/14/2015Zentall24 “RED FLAGS” OR WARNINGS SIGNS Abrupt changes in behavior (e.g., loss of appetite, sleep, failing school) Inappropriate seductive behavior with others Knowledge of or unusual interest in sexual matters Promiscuity Anger directed everywhere Avoid a certain person Regressive Depressive, withdrawal, few friends Passivity and compliance Repeated running away

9/14/2015Zentall25 ACCOMMODATIONS Prevention Share power Create a safe place Deal with anger calmly -- give space, lower voice

9/14/2015Zentall26 INTERVENTIONS Examining misconceptions critical first step in helping child Knowledge on how to interview the child Know how to begin a legal report to protect the child