Scientific Method and Writing a formal lab report in Science A. Scientific Method- Steps 1)Question or Problem 2)Research/Background info 3)Hypothesis 4)Experiment/Procedure 5)Results 6)Analysis/Conclusion 7)Sources of error/future studies B. Writing a Formal Lab Report All lab write-ups should follow this format. It should look familiar!this -Size 12 font -1.5 spacing -Do NOT use the words “I”, “We”, “Our”, etc.. -Hand your reports in on time! I will check rough drafts for you, but they must be shown to me at least a day before the due date.

II. Metrics- SI International System A. Measuring Length a)Metrics are the only measurement units used in this class. b)1 meter = 100 cm c)milli=one thousandth d)Kilo= one thousand e)1 km= 1,000 m f)Down Right Easy- when decreasing, move down the stairs and the decimal to the right. Increasing, move up stairs and decimals to the left g)Converting metrics to English EX: miles to kilometers EX: Down Right Easy Kids Have Dropped Over Dead Converting Metrics *All measurements MUST have TWO numbers after the decimal.

Metrics Practice 1.A potato has the mass of 0.25kg. Your recipe for potato salad calls for 1 kilogram of potatoes. How many potatoes do you need? 2.800mg= kg m=cm ml of water is poured into a cube. What is the volume of the cube? L= ml 6.1,685.36dg=dkg hm=mm 4 potatoes , , cm 3

Mass- the amount of matter in an object Q: What is the difference between mass and weight? Mass is the amount of atoms (matter) in an object while weight is the force of gravity pulling on an object Q: What are units for mass? grams Q: If I am 3000kg on Earth and the moon has 1/6 the gravity of Earth, what is my mass on the moon? Mass= 3000kg, amount of matter hasn’t changed! Gravity does not affect mass! Q: If I weigh 125lbs on Earth, what would I weigh on the moon? Weight on moon= 21lbs a)Mass depends on what the object is made of. b)A dense material such as lead is made up of many tightly packed atomic particles and is more dense. EX: An anvil in space maybe weightless but not massless! EX: One gram is approximately one small paper clip Q: What instrument measures mass? Triple Beam Balance

Volume- the amount of space an object takes up. EX: One liter is approximately a medium size carton of milk a)Measured with a graduated cylinder or if cubic, Length x width x height b)Units: a)Liquid = mL b)Solid = cm^3 c)True or false, an object with a large mass has a large volume. d)Measure liquid at the bottom of the meniscus-always Q: How is a graduated cylinder accurately read? from the bottom of the meniscus at eye level

Density A.Density- mass per unit of volume 1.Formula- Density = mass/volume 2.Units= g/mL or g/cm 3 3.Density is determined by the alignment of the atoms. Tightly packed atoms = more dense Loosely packed atoms = less dense How can the density of a fluid change if it never changes chemically? Temperature! Hotter = less dense because the molecules spread out.

Density Analysis Questions… Q: How does density control the motion of a submarine? To dive, water is taken into tanks, increasing density so its weight is greater than the buoyant force. The tanks are filled until the density is equal to the water to allow it to float level. Water is then released to cause the sub to rise at an angle to the surface. Q: Why does a helium balloon float? Helium is less dense than air, which is 78% N and 21% O Q: Jupiter has a diameter that is larger than ten Earth’s, how is it possible for earth to be more dense than the planet Jupiter? Jupiter is made of gas, Earth is made of dense rock and metal Q: Explain, in terms of density, why did the Titanic sink? Before the hole, Titanic was a steel balloon full of air After the hole was formed, water replaced the air on the ship causing the density to increase and the ship to sink. Q: Some canoes have compartments on either end for storage and airtight to protect from objects getting wet. Explain how it is impossible for these canoes to sink. The compartments are water tight, therefore, water will never fill the compartments, they will remain full of air-and always be less dense than the water.

Temperature We use….. Degrees Farenheit. -Freezing point of water = 32°F -Boiling point of water = 212°F Metric system uses….. Degrees Celsius. -Freezing point of water = 0°C -Boiling point of water = 100°C CONVERSION IF YOU START WITH °F... IF YOU START WITH °C… C = (F - 32)/1.8 F = (C x 1.8) + 32 ***Examples on board***

Scientific Notation The scientific notation is the proper way to write extremely large or extremely small numbers while STILL keeping two numbers after the decimal. It allows for a “short-cut” in science for writing these large numbers but still actually demonstrating the size of the number. Let’s practice on the board!

Dimensional Analysis: An easy process to help you convert metric to English units. Remember to always setup your units first, then, fill in the appropriate numbers. Remember that units will “cancel each other out”. For example, 6/6 = 1, cm/cm = 1 Let’s practice on the board!