(c) McGraw Hill Ryerson States of Matter Matter is anything that has mass and volume. Mass is the quantity of matter a substance or object contains.  Mass is usually measured in grams (g) or kilograms (kg). Volume is the amount of space taken up by a substance or object.  Volume is usually measured in millilitres (mL), litres (L), or cubic centimetres (cm 3 ). See pages Comparing the basketball and bowling ball, which has more mass? Volume?

(c) McGraw Hill Ryerson States of Matter The three familiar states (phases) of matter. See pages Fixed massFixed VolumeFixed Shape SolidYes LiquidYes No GasYesNo solid liquid gas

(c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 The Particle Model of Matter 1.All matter is made of small particles that are too small to see. 2.There are spaces between the particles. The amount of space varies depending upon the state. 3.The particles are always moving. 4.The particles are attracted to one another. See page 248

(c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 The Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic energy is the energy due to motion. The Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) explains what happens to matter when the kinetic energy of the particles changes.  A theory provides a scientific explanation based on the results of experimentation. See page 249 As the rollercoaster’s speed increases, its kinetic energy also increases.

(c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 The Kinetic Molecular Theory The main points of the kinetic molecular theory include: See page All matter is made of very small particles. 2.There is empty space between particles. 3.Particles are constantly moving. The particles are colliding with each other and the walls of their container. 4.Energy makes particles move. The more energy the particles have, the faster they move and further apart they get. Solid: Particles are so tightly packed together they cannot move freely. They can only vibrate. Liquid: Particles are farther apart and they can move by sliding past each other. Gas: Particles are very far apart and move around quickly.

(c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Thermal Expansion and Contraction Thermal expansion is the increase in volume of a substance when its temperature is raised. Thermal contraction is the decrease in volume of a substance when its temperature is lowered. See page 250 Can you use the concepts of thermal expansion and contraction to explain how a thermometer works?

(c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 The Difference Between Heat and Temperature Thermal energy is the total kinetic energy of all the particles in the substance. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between two material of different temperature.  Heat is always transferred from the substance with a higher temperature to the substance of a lower temperature. Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. See page 251

(c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Changes of State See pages NameChange of State (from _ to _) Heat GainedHeat Lost MeltingSolid to liquid EvaporationLiquid to gas CondensationGas to liquid SolidificationLiquid to solid SublimationSolid to gas DepositionGas to solid Melting point is the temperature at which solid turns to liquid. Boiling point is the temperature at which liquid turns into gas.

(c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Changes of State See pages Take the Section 7.1 Quiz Solid Melting Liquid Boiling Gas

(c) McGraw Hill Ryerson Fluids and Density A fluid is any form of matter that can flow.  Liquids and gases are fluids since they do not have a fixed shape.  Solids are not fluids. See page 260 Lava, water, and syrup are examples of fluids.

(c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Solid, Liquid, and Gas Density Density is the amount of mass for each unit of volume.  Density describes how closely packed together the particles are in a material. See page 261 Describe the spacing of the particles in the solid block, liquid water, and gaseous air. Most substances are denser in their solid form than in their liquid form, but water is an exception.

(c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Layers of Fluids Fluids that do not mix, layer themselves according to their density. Less dense fluids “float” on top of more dense fluids. See pages Can you list the objects, in this beaker, from most dense to least dense? oil ball water

(c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Measuring Density See page 264 Both mass and volume are required when calculating density. Mass:  Mass can be measured using a scale or balance. Volume:  For objects that are block shaped, volume can be calculated by measuring the block and then using the equation: volume = length x width x height.  For objects with irregular shape displacement is the method used to find the volume. balance

(c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Calculating Density See page 265 Density can be calculated using the following formula: Answer the following: 1.What is the density of a 4 cm 3 rock that has a mass of 24 g? 2.A 5 ml sample of motor oil has a mass of 4.5 g. What is the density of the motor oil? See next slide for the answers.

(c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Calculating Density See page 265 Density can be calculated using the following formula: Answer the following: 1.What is the density of a 4 cm 3 rock that has a mass of 24 g? 2.A 5 ml sample of motor oil has a mass of 4.5 g. What is the density of the motor oil? Answers 6 g/cm g/mL Take the Section 7.2 Quiz