Chi-squared Testing for a difference. What does it do? Compares numbers of people/plants/species… in different categories (eg different pollution levels,

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Mann-Whitney U-test Testing for a difference U 1 = n 1 n 2 + ½ n 1 (n 1 + 1) – R 1.
Advertisements

T-test - unpaired Testing for a difference. What does it do? Tests for a difference in means Compares two cases (eg areas of lichen found in two locations)
CHI-SQUARE(X2) DISTRIBUTION
Chi-Square Test Chi-square is a statistical test commonly used to compare observed data with data we would expect to obtain according to a specific hypothesis.
Chi-Square Test A fundamental problem is genetics is determining whether the experimentally determined data fits the results expected from theory (i.e.
Chi Square Example A researcher wants to determine if there is a relationship between gender and the type of training received. The gender question is.
The Chi-Square Test for Association
Chi-Squared Tutorial This is significantly important. Get your AP Equations and Formulas sheet.
PSY 340 Statistics for the Social Sciences Chi-Squared Test of Independence Statistics for the Social Sciences Psychology 340 Spring 2010.
Inferences About Means of Single Samples Chapter 10 Homework: 1-6.
Ch 15 - Chi-square Nonparametric Methods: Chi-Square Applications
Chi-square notes. What is a Chi-test used for? Pronounced like kite, not like cheese! This test is used to check if the difference between expected and.
Chi-Square Test.
Test for Goodness of Fit. The math department at a community college offers 3 classes that satisfy the math requirement for transfer in majors that do.
Chi-Square Test A fundamental problem in genetics is determining whether the experimentally determined data fits the results expected from theory (i.e.
11.4 Hardy-Wineberg Equilibrium. Equation - used to predict genotype frequencies in a population Predicted genotype frequencies are compared with Actual.
Chi Square AP Biology.
1 Psych 5500/6500 Chi-Square (Part Two) Test for Association Fall, 2008.
1 Tests with two+ groups We have examined tests of means for a single group, and for a difference if we have a matched sample (as in husbands and wives)
Chi-squared Goodness of fit. What does it do? Tests whether data you’ve collected are in line with national or regional statistics.  Are there similar.
Two Variable Statistics
Correlation – Pearson’s. What does it do? Measures straight-line correlation – how close plotted points are to a straight line Takes values between –1.
Chapter 9: Non-parametric Tests n Parametric vs Non-parametric n Chi-Square –1 way –2 way.
Chi-Square. All the tests we’ve learned so far assume that our data is normally distributed z-test t-test We test hypotheses about parameters of these.
Between-Groups ANOVA Chapter 12. >When to use an F distribution Working with more than two samples >ANOVA Used with two or more nominal independent variables.
Chi-Square Test A fundamental problem in genetics is determining whether the experimentally determined data fits the results expected from theory. How.
Other Chi-Square Tests
Chi-Square Test.
Chi-Squared (  2 ) Analysis AP Biology Unit 4 What is Chi-Squared? In genetics, you can predict genotypes based on probability (expected results) Chi-squared.
One-Way ANOVA ANOVA = Analysis of Variance This is a technique used to analyze the results of an experiment when you have more than two groups.
T-test - paired Testing for a difference. What does it do? Tests for a difference in means Compares two cases (eg soil moisture content north & south.
© Copyright McGraw-Hill CHAPTER 11 Other Chi-Square Tests.
Reasoning in Psychology Using Statistics Psychology
The table shows a random sample of 100 hikers and the area of hiking preferred. Are hiking area preference and gender independent? Hiking Preference Area.
11.2 Tests Using Contingency Tables When data can be tabulated in table form in terms of frequencies, several types of hypotheses can be tested by using.
ContentFurther guidance  Hypothesis testing involves making a conjecture (assumption) about some facet of our world, collecting data from a sample,
Science Practice 2: The student can use mathematics appropriately. Science Practice 5: The student can perform data analysis and evaluation of evidence.
Chi-Square Test (χ 2 ) χ – greek symbol “chi”. Chi-Square Test (χ 2 ) When is the Chi-Square Test used? The chi-square test is used to determine whether.
Bullied as a child? Are you tall or short? 6’ 4” 5’ 10” 4’ 2’ 4”
Correlation. u Definition u Formula Positive Correlation r =
1 1 Slide © 2008 Thomson South-Western. All Rights Reserved Chapter 12 Tests of Goodness of Fit and Independence n Goodness of Fit Test: A Multinomial.
Chapter 10 Section 5 Chi-squared Test for a Variance or Standard Deviation.
Wilcoxon Signed Rank Testing for a difference R+ RR
Chi-squared Association Index. What does it do? Looks for “links” between two factors  Do dandelions and plantains tend to grow together?  Does the.
Correlation – Spearman’s. What does it do? Measures rank correlation – whether highest value in the 1 st data set corresponds to highest in the 2 nd set.
Introduction to Statistics for the Social Sciences SBS200, COMM200, GEOG200, PA200, POL200, or SOC200 Lecture Section 001, Spring 2016 Room 150 Harvill.
Chi-Square (χ 2 ) Analysis Statistical Analysis of Genetic Data.
Testing for a difference
Statistical Analysis: Chi Square
I. CHI SQUARE ANALYSIS Statistical tool used to evaluate variation in categorical data Used to determine if variation is significant or instead, due to.
Chi Square Review.
Testing for a difference
Testing for a difference
1) A bicycle safety organization claims that fatal bicycle accidents are uniformly distributed throughout the week. The table shows the day of the week.
Chi-Square Test.
Chi-Squared test AP Biology.
Chi Square Review.
Consider this table: The Χ2 Test of Independence
Chi-Square Test.
Reasoning in Psychology Using Statistics
Statistical Analysis: Chi Square
Chi-Square Test.
Chi-squared Association Index
Chi-Squared AP Biology.
Looks at differences in frequencies between groups
Skills 5. Skills 5 Standard deviation What is it used for? This statistical test is used for measuring the degree of dispersion. It is another way.
Chi-Square Test A fundamental problem in Science is determining whether the experiment data fits the results expected. How can you tell if an observed.
Quadrat sampling & the Chi-squared test
Quadrat sampling & the Chi-squared test
Presentation transcript:

Chi-squared Testing for a difference

What does it do? Compares numbers of people/plants/species… in different categories (eg different pollution levels, sheltered/unsheltered shore…) Looks for a difference between categories (eg differences in numbers of species in 3 locations) Compare any number of different categories

Planning to use it? You really want to just test for difference. It will not pick up correlation You are working with numbers of things, not, eg area, weight, length, %… You have an average of at least 5 things (plants/species…) in each category Make sure that…

How does it work? You assume (null hypothesis) there is no difference between categories It compares  observed values the data you collected  expected values what you’d get if there was really no difference

Doing the test These are the stages in doing the test: 1.Write down your hypotheseshypotheses 2.Work out the expected valuesexpected values 3.Use the chi-squared formula to get a chi- squared valuechi-squared formula 4.Work out your degrees of freedomdegrees of freedom 5.Look at the tablestables 6.Make a decisiondecision Click here Click here for an example

Hypotheses H 0: There is no difference between the categories H 1: There is a difference between the categories

Expected Values We assume (null hypothesis) that there’s no difference So the expected values are the average of the data you’ve got Just add your data up, then divide by the number of categories

Chi-Squared Formula For each category, work out O = Observed value – your data E = Expected value – which you’ve calculated Then add all your values up. This gives the chi-squared value  = “Sum of”

Degrees of freedom The formula here for degrees of freedom is degrees of freedom = n – 1 Where n is the number of categories You do not need to worry about what this means –just make sure you know the formula! But in case you’re interested – the more categories you have, the more likely you are to get a “strange” result in one or more of them. The degrees of freedom is a way of allowing for this in the test.

Tables This is a chi-squared table These are your degrees of freedom (df) These are your significance levels eg 0.05 = 5%

Make a decision If the value you calculated is bigger than the tables, you reject your null hypothesis – so there is a difference If the value you calculated is smaller than the tables, you accept your null hypothesis – so there is no significant difference.

Example: Air Pollution & Asthma 50 randomly selected sixth formers at three different sixth form colleges are asked whether they suffer from asthma. The colleges are located in a large city, a medium sized town and a rural location. Hypotheses: H 0: There is no difference in incidence of asthma H 1 There is a difference in the incidence of asthma

The data Numbers of students with asthma: CityTownRural

The calculations Expected value for each citytownrural Obs Exp (O – E)5-8 3 (O – E) (O – E) 2 /E

The test  2 = Degrees of freedom = 3 – 1 = 2 Critical value (5%) = So we reject H 0 – there is a difference in incidence of asthma between city, town and rural