Classical Conditioning Learning procedure in which associations are made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Stimulus and Response Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): event that leads to a certain, predictable response usually without any previous training Unconditioned Response (UCR): reaction that occurs naturally and automatically when the US is presented (a reflex) Conditioned Stimulus (CS): once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an US Conditioned Response (CR): the learned reaction to a CS

Examples: Find the US, UR, CS, CR The overhead in Tom's lab has a short circuit and gives him a shock every time he touches it. After a while Tom hesitates every time he is about to touch the overhead. One of Toms friends has a night of boozing on many Vodka screwdrivers, and eating much pizza and salad with bacon bits. After becoming sick, she refuses to eat bacon bits. To stop bad habits, it is sometimes recommended that you put a rubber band around your wrist and snap it every time you notice yourself doing that behaviour US = Shock, UR = fear from shock, CS = overhead, CR = fear from overhead US = too much booze, UR = nausea, CS = bacon bits, CR = nausea from bacon bits US = pain from rubber band, UR = fear, CS = bad habit, CR = fear while performing bad habit

Examples: Find the US, UR, CS, CR When you are in gym class, you get hit in the head repeatedly with a basketball. Soon you develop an aversion to not only basketball, but volleyball and football as well. There are two people you know who you always see together. One day, you see one of them by himself, and he comes up to you and punches you in the nose. Later you see the other one by himself, and you decide to turn around so he doesn't see you US = pain from being hit, UR = fear, CS = gym class, bball, vball, fball CR = fear US = pain from being hit, UR = fear, CS = person who hit you, CR = fear from other person

Examples: Find the US, UR, CS, CR Your cat comes running every time it hears the can opener Your dog gets sick and requires several painful trips to the vet. Now he hides every time he hears you rattle your keys Every time you take your kids out in the car, you drive through McDonalds and get dinner. Now whenever you rattle your keys, your kids come running You always do your homework on your desk. After a very hard semester, you find that sitting at your desk depresses you US=food, UR=approach, CS=can opener sound, CR=approach US=painful procedure, UR=fear, CS=rattle of keys, CR=fear US=food, UR=approach, CS=rattle of keys, CR=approach US=stress caused by studying, UR=bad feelings, CS=desk, CR=bad feelings

More Examples Tom gets hungry every time he goes into the kitchen Your significant other often yells at you and makes you feel bad. Pretty soon you can't stand the look of that person and dump them. You meet another person who wears the same cologne/perfume. Although they seem nice, you just can't seem to get along with them. You meet a new person who's cooking is very good. After a few meals you start to fall in love. US: Food, UR: Salivation (hunger), CS: Kitchen, CR: hunger US: yelling, UR: fear, CS: perfume, CR: dislike US: food, UR: happy, CS: new person, CR: happy/love

Even More Examples Whenever you watch a scary show, you always have a big bowl of popcorn. Now you find that just having a bowl of popcorn makes you feel creepy. Later your scary show is canceled, and you start eating popcorn while watching Seinfeld. Now the popcorn makes you feel happy. You know a person who enjoys working, even though the work he does doesn't appear to be very much fun. US: scary movie, UR: Fear, CS: bowl of popcorn, CR: Fear Counter: US: humor, UR: happy, CS: Popcorn, CR: Happy US: Primary Reinforcers (Food), UR: approach, CS: work (associated with money), CR: approach

Classical Conditioning Generalization: responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate at the sight of a circle; dog responding similarly to an oval Dentist drill Discrimination: the ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli Pavlov got the dog to only salivate at the sight of a circle and not an oval

Classical Conditioning Extinction: gradual disappearance of a CR when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS Tuning fork without food and eventually dog didn’t salivate Car accident Spontaneous Recovery: following rest period, CR may reappear when CS is presented again but not followed by a UCS

Classical Conditioning Taste Aversion: develop a negative reaction to a food based on previous experience Canalization: process in which people are conditioned to prefer one stimulus over another because they perceive that stimulus as more satisfying; differs from culture to culture Eating Insects? Inedible or Delicacy?

Human Behavior O. Hobart and Mollie Mowrer solve the problem of bed- wetting Little Albert Case Study p. 249 Was this ethical? Value of research vs. methods used?

Behaviorist Theory Behaviorism: attempt to understand behavior in terms of relationships between observable stimuli and observable responses. Behaviorists: psychologists who study behaviors that they can observe and measure Action instead of thought

Operant Conditioning: 250-252 Operant Conditioning: learning from the consequences of behavior What is the main difference between operant and classical conditioning? Reinforcement: stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated B.F. Skinner and the Skinner Box Positive Reinforcement: something desired added after an action Negative Reinforcement: something unpleasant taken away if subject performs action Positive Reinforcement: parents give you money if you get A’s Negative Reinforcement: Tests at the end of the year (something students don’t want, so students come to school)

Reinforcers Primary Reinforcer: one that satisfies a biological need such as hunger, thirst, or sleep Secondary Reinforcer: one that has been paired with a primary reinforcer and through classical conditioning has acquired value and the ability to reinforce. Chimps and poker chips! Money, praise, status, prestige

Schedules of Reinforcement: 253-255 Continuous Schedule: behavior is reinforced every time it occurs Partial Schedule: positive reinforcement occurs intermittently Ratio (Number) Interval (Time) Fixed Schedules: Predictable Fixed Ratio: reinforcement after a fixed number of responses Fixed Interval: reinforcement of first response after a fixed amount of time has passed Variable Schedules: Unpredictable Variable Ratio: reinforcement after varying number of responses Variable Interval: reinforcement of first response after varying amounts of time Fixed Ratio: Ejected after 5 fouls, Variable Ratio: Slot machine, sales Fixed Interval: paycheck every 2 weeks, tests (cram for test) Variable Interval: pop quizzes, calling a friend

Aversive Control: influence behavior by unpleasant stimuli (256-258) Negative Reinforcement: painful or unpleasant stimulus is removed Stone in your shoe Escape Conditioning: remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus Complaining and crying about liver! Avoidance Conditioning: prevent occurrence of unpleasant stimulus Complaining and crying when liver is taken out of fridge! Punishment: behavior that is punished decreases Unwanted side effects? Avoidance

Operant or Classical? Operant Conditioning or Classical Conditioning? In groups of 3, determine if each scenario is operant or classical conditioning. If it is operant, identify which type of consequence was responsible for the behavior change (positive/negative reinforcement; positive/negative punishment). If it is classical, identify the UCS, UCR, CS, CR.