A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 X-RAY INSTRUMENTATION FOR ASTRONOMY Alfonso Collura Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 Other People Involved (Since) Marco Barbera - Associate Professor DSFA (1992) Roberto Candia - Technician (electronics – mechanical) (1996) Salvatore Varisco - Technician (software – electronics) (1996) Gaspare Di Cicca - Technician (mechanical) (2001) Emanuele Perinati - Post Doc (1998) Ugo Lo Cicero – PhD Student (Electronic Engineer) (2007)

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 I Will Talk About History of the X-Ray Astronomy Calibration and Testing (XACT) Facility Activities in the framework of space missions Instrumentation development and other activities not for a specific mission

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 XACT Facility Established under the impulse of G.S. Vaiana to partake to the development of CHANDRA instrumentation started operating in 1993 Designed with CHANDRA in mind, but privileging versatility to allow several other applications

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 XACT conceivment Upgrade I – Clean room; MCP detector; Transmission grating;UV beam line; ADR Cryostat Upgrade II – See dedicated slide XACT Development Year Beam line and basic equipment Vacuum control Personnel (Sc/Tec) Funding Source 1 / 2 2 / 2 2 / 3 2 / 2 2 / SICILIAN GOV. 200 SICILIAN GOV. 100 OAPA 30 ASI 100 OAPA 90 ASI 110 ASI 100 OAPA 70 PRIN-MIUR 100 ASI 100 OAPA 100 ASI 100 OAPA 120 ASI 100 OAPA 50 CRA 120 ASI 100 OAPA 70 PRIN-MIUR SEE DEDICATED SLIDE 20 CNR / 3 Rental of building First light 2180 before upgrade II 2180 before upgrade II

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 First X-Ray Beamline

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 Clean Room UV Beamline GSPC detector MCP detector X-Ray Transmission grating Monochromator 8 m X-ray Source Test Section XACT - Upgrade I

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 UPGRADE II ( ) XACT DEVELOPMENT FundingSource Longer (35 m) Beam Line 2 m diameter Test Chamber X-ray optics micropositioning Double Cristal Monochromator LTD Read-out Electronics Maglev oil-free pumping New Machine Shop Moving to Via Ingrassia PON (co-funding from EU, Ital. Gov. and OAPA) ASI 60 SICILIAN GOV. 150OAPA 150 MEF (PRISMA) PRIN-MIUR PRIN-INAF 15 Not included: works on the building

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 The new beamline

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 Space Missions CHANDRA XMM-NEWTON HINODE CHANG’E-1 LOXIA CORONAS PHOTON- SphinX SIMBOL-X EDGE

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 X-ray QE of MCP’s at Daresbury Synchrotron CsI vs. KBr, X-ray QE modeling, Life tests End to End test at Marshall Space Flight Center HRC-I +HRMA, HRC-S + HRMA + Gratings In Flight Calibration Out of band sensitivity Design, Vibrational and Acoustic tests, Calibration plan Development of the UV/Ion shields X-ray transmission of the UV/Ion shields UV transmission measurements of the UV/Ion shields Out of band rejection X-ray Transmission modeling, XANES and EXAFS Chandra HRC

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 UV transmission measurements of the UV/Ion shields at XACT and DSFA-UNIPA New filter design: Polyimide instead of Lexan, and single layer of aluminum (impact also on Chandra ACIS, Newton- XMM EPIC, JET-X CCD). Aluminum oxidation and interferences

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 UV transmission measurements of Medium and Thin Filters Out of band rejection X-ray transmission measurements of Medium and Thin filters X-ray Shadowgraphs X-ray Transmission modeling, XANES and EXAFS Medium and Thin Filter design and calibration plan Newton-XMM EPIC Monitoring ageing effects on Medium and Thin filters

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 Monitoring ageing effects of the Medium and Thin filters July 1997July 2002 Slight increase in transmission in a narrow band. No significant impact on the science with EPIC

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 Calibration of the Focal Plane 9 Filters X_ray shadowgraphs X-ray transm. measurements and modeling Calibration of the Telescope Participation in the end to end test at Marshall XRT on board HINODE ( PI: dr. Leon Golub, SAO, Cambridge, MA )

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 X-Ray Shadowgraphs 6 – 25 μm Al Filter Shadograph at 1.49 keV

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 X-Ray Transmission measurements and modeling 6 – 25 μm Al Filter

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 CHANG’E-1 LOXIA Chinese experiment to study the composition of the lunar surface

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 SphinX

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 SIMBOL X Thermal Shields No shields T ~ 7 °C With shields T < 1 °C X-Ray Transmission Polyimide+Al Al 20 °C 15 °C 18.6 °C 19.2 °C

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 EDGE Design of the Narrow Field Imager Telescope in collaboration with INAF-IASFPA Contribution to the Design and Optimization of the Narrow Field Imager Telescope equipped with an X-Ray Microcalorimeter Array Focal Plane Detector Design of the Baffles for the Wide Field Telescope equipped with an X-Ray CCD Focal Plane Detector

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 R&D Activities (not for a specific mission) NTD Germanium Microcalorimeters Plastic Foil light weight X-ray Optics Bio samples irradiation (next presentation)

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 X-Ray Microcalorimeters with NTD Ge Sensors In collaboration since 1997with SAO (PI: Eric Silver) we are investigating X-ray microcalorimeters with NTD Germanium sensors for laboratory and astrophysical applications. More recently we have started a collaboration with UNIPA-DIEET to develope a fully Planar approach for the construction of 2-D arrays with a large number of pixels.

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 State of the Art Energy Resolution: eV FWHM at 6 keV - 50 eV FWHM at 60 keV Time Resolution: - Counting Rate up to ~ 50 Hz per pixel without significant energy resolution degradation. Construction Technique: - Micromachining. 2x2 arrays currently in use. The proposed approach for 2-D arrays with large number of pixels is based on the superposition of linear arrays.

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 Single Stage ADR Cryostat built in house. Minimum Temperature 42 mK. Hold Time at 60 mK longer than 2 days. Single Stage ADR Cryostat built in house. Minimum Temperature 42 mK. Hold Time at 60 mK longer than 2 days. Four channel fully wired read-out electronics to operate small arrays of Semiconductor Thermistor Microcalorimeters. Four channel fully wired read-out electronics to operate small arrays of Semiconductor Thermistor Microcalorimeters. Study of Absorber Materials

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 (a) Lapped doped NTD-Ge wafer (b) Attachment of a monolithic absorber foil (c) Resist coating - Laser Microlithography (d) Deep Wet Etching of Ge (~ 100 μm) (e) Evaporation of electrical contacts on Ge (g) Electrical connection to the support membrane (h) Separation of absorbers (f) Evaporation of electrical circuit on support thin membrane Proposed Fully Planar Approach for the Construction of Arrays of Microcalorimeters with Ge Sensors

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007   Orientation (100)   4 hours etching   Orientation (100)   3 hours etching Pyramidal Geometry Toroidal Geometry Deep Wet Etching of Ge

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 Plastic foils grazing incidence X-ray Optics (Collaboration with SAO and DSRI) Plastic is very light, elastic, cheap Plastic foils from common industrial applications have high surface smoothness by a combination of stretching and rolling Plastic foils replicate the figure of the mandrel but not the smoothness. Expensive superpolished mandrels not required Plastic has strong affinity to coating (single and multilayer)

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 Surface roughness AFM measurements show micro roughness of uncoated foils of 4 ÷ 7 Å (Chandra-HRMA has 3 ÷4 Å)

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 Mounting the foils Vacuum hold-down mandrels to form cylindrical or conical shells Foils hold inside grooves of the supporting wheels Epoxy cured while foils are still inside the mandrel

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 X-ray imaging tests of Cylindrical optics at XACT FWHM ~ 10” HPD ~ 2’ Imaging detector X-ray Source 8 m

A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007 Irradiation of Organic Samples The XACT FACILITY is being used for the irradiation of organic samples in a program of Astrobiology that will be the subject of next talk