US Foreign Policy

Imperialism Establishing political or economic control over another nation Establishing political or economic control over another nation US imperialism began in the late 1890s US imperialism began in the late 1890s To compete with Europe To compete with Europe For economic resources & markets For economic resources & markets Alfred Thayer Mahan’s “The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, ” Alfred Thayer Mahan’s “The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, ” Great nations had powerful navies Great nations had powerful navies Many Americans were against imperialism Many Americans were against imperialism

Actions of the US Commodore Matthew Perry & US Navy Commodore Matthew Perry & US Navy “opened” Japan for trade in 1853 “opened” Japan for trade in 1853 Japan realized they were behind rest of world Japan realized they were behind rest of world Alaska – purchased by William Seward Alaska – purchased by William Seward 1867, for $7.2 million from Russia 1867, for $7.2 million from Russia Midway Islands – took possession in 1867 Midway Islands – took possession in 1867 American Samoa – took in 1899 American Samoa – took in 1899 Western Samoa was German Western Samoa was German

Hawaii’s Annexation 1 st treaty w/ HI in 1875 – trading rights 1 st treaty w/ HI in 1875 – trading rights 1887 treaty renewed & US given Pearl Harbor 1887 treaty renewed & US given Pearl Harbor 1890 relations soured 1890 relations soured New tariff heavily taxed Hawaiian sugar New tariff heavily taxed Hawaiian sugar New Queen – Liliuokalani – tried to curb US influence New Queen – Liliuokalani – tried to curb US influence 1893, US Marines deposed the Queen in name of Hawaiian sugar planters 1893, US Marines deposed the Queen in name of Hawaiian sugar planters Cleveland resisted annexation until 1898 Cleveland resisted annexation until 1898

US – China Relations Spheres of Influence – divided up China for power & access Spheres of Influence – divided up China for power & access Britain, France, Germany, & Russia did this Britain, France, Germany, & Russia did this John Hay, Sec of State = Open Door Policy John Hay, Sec of State = Open Door Policy Preserve China & have free trade for all Preserve China & have free trade for all Boxer Rebellion – Chinese rebellion against foreigners Boxer Rebellion – Chinese rebellion against foreigners Multinational force ended it – including US Multinational force ended it – including US Beginning of end of Emperor’s rule in China Beginning of end of Emperor’s rule in China

Spanish-American War, 1898 Causes: essentially US Imperialism Causes: essentially US Imperialism “yellow journalism” – sensationalism of news “yellow journalism” – sensationalism of news William Randolph Hearst vs. Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst vs. Joseph Pulitzer New York Journal vs. New York World New York Journal vs. New York World Hearst: “You furnish the pictures, & I’ll supply the war.” to photographer Frederick Remington Hearst: “You furnish the pictures, & I’ll supply the war.” to photographer Frederick Remington US desire to own Cuba (US plantations there) US desire to own Cuba (US plantations there) De Lome Letter – Spanish minister called McKinley weak, insulting the US De Lome Letter – Spanish minister called McKinley weak, insulting the US Printed in papers by Hearst Printed in papers by Hearst

The USS Maine Feb 15, 1898 – the Maine blew up in Havana’s harbor, killing 260 sailors Feb 15, 1898 – the Maine blew up in Havana’s harbor, killing 260 sailors Had been sent to protect American interests during Cuban uprising against Spanish rule Had been sent to protect American interests during Cuban uprising against Spanish rule Never found cause – recently -boiler exploded Never found cause – recently -boiler exploded Papers: “Remember the Maine” Papers: “Remember the Maine” Public demanded war with Spain Public demanded war with Spain April 11 th McKinley delivered War Message April 11 th McKinley delivered War Message Congress declared war on April 20 th Congress declared war on April 20 th Added Teller Amendment – Cuba to be independent when war over Added Teller Amendment – Cuba to be independent when war over

Three fronts of the War The Philippines – Cmd George Dewey The Philippines – Cmd George Dewey Soundly defeated Spanish fleet in Manila Bay Soundly defeated Spanish fleet in Manila Bay Emilio Aguinaldo – head of Filipino Army took Manila to finalize overthrow of Spanish Emilio Aguinaldo – head of Filipino Army took Manila to finalize overthrow of Spanish Cuba – TR’s “Rough Riders” – San Juan Hill Cuba – TR’s “Rough Riders” – San Juan Hill Navy took Guantanamo Bay for Base Navy took Guantanamo Bay for Base After loss of Santiago, Spain couldn’t send in supplies or reinforcements After loss of Santiago, Spain couldn’t send in supplies or reinforcements Puerto Rico – Gen. Nelson A. Miles Puerto Rico – Gen. Nelson A. Miles With Navy’s help easily took San Juan With Navy’s help easily took San Juan

Effects… Treaty of Paris, 1898 Treaty of Paris, 1898 US given Philippines, Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico US given Philippines, Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico Filipino- American War – will last 14 years Filipino- American War – will last 14 years Cuba became independent in 1902 Cuba became independent in 1902 Had to accept the Platt Amendment – gave US right to intervene in Cuba if necessary Had to accept the Platt Amendment – gave US right to intervene in Cuba if necessary We kept the base – still to today We kept the base – still to today Some Americans joined the Anti-Imperialist League – Carnegie, Addams, Gompers Some Americans joined the Anti-Imperialist League – Carnegie, Addams, Gompers Debate over imperialism continued Debate over imperialism continued