CLASSIFICATION Organization of things/organisms into related groups based on similarities

Taxonomy Branch of Biology concerned with… Grouping and naming of organisms according to characteristics and evolutionary history

HISTORY-ARISTOTLE First to classify organisms Greek Philosopher 350 B.C.

Aristotle’s Classification Plants BY SIZE Trees Shrubs Herbs Animals BY HABITAT Water Land Air

Carolus Linnaeus 1700’s Swedish botanist Parents wanted him to be a priest like father Studied medicine and many other things Noted for being instrumental in classifying organisms

Linnaeus and Classification Used morphology (form and structure) to group Ex- flowering plant’s reproductive systems – asexual or sexual reproduction 2 groups - plants and animals Used Scientific Names ( Latin) Binomial Nomenclature: 2 name naming system Genus and species

Why Latin? Language of educated in his day Still use it because no longer spoken language so it will never change No slang words Universal understanding

What is it? Cougar, Puma, Panther, Mountain Lion, Catamount

Common Name -Common Name -confusing/misleading Ex. Polecat -doesn’t show relationships -more than one name

Scientific Name Latin Standard name -show relationships Ex: Felis concolor Puma concolor Italics or underline Genus capitalized

Why Classify? 1. Shows relationships between living and once living things 2. Brings order to diversity 3. Explains evolutionary patterns 4. Gives organisms specific names 5. Provides means to identify unknown organisms

Classification Categories (taxa) 7 levels of organization Each one is smaller than the previous one (fewer types of organisms) Kingdom Phylum Class Order- Family Genus Species-single organism that can reproduce with one another Varieties -subset of species - peaches, nectarines Subvarieties-variation of a species in diff geographic areas

Human Taxa Kingdom animalia Phylum chordata Class mammalia Order primate Family hominidae Genus Homo Species sapiens

Use of Evolution to determine Relationships Check it out!!

Phylogenic Trees Shows evolutionary history of species Determined by shared characteristics: structures: larval forms and embryos biochemistry: # amino acids in common behavior patterns: habitats and mating calls cell organization: prokaryote/eukaryote

Problems with classifying Many organisms have similar structure Isolation may make organisms unique New discoveries made constantly Organisms may fit into more than one category Man-made system (human error)

Linking organisms together The more categories in common the closer the relationships

6 Kingdoms Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plants Animals

Key Terms Prokaryote- unicellular, without membrane bound organelles, no true nucleus Eukaryote-organism with membrane bound organelles Autotroph-organism capable of making organic nutrients directly from inorganic Hetertroph- organism that gets energy from other sources other than itself

Monerans ( 5 kingdom system) Archaebacteria ( in 6 kingdom) Eubacteria ( in 6 kingdom)

Archaebacteria Unicellular, prokaryote, anaerobic, and aerobic Adapted to extreme environments (temp, acidity, salinity) Binary fission Some autotrophic (chemosynthesis)

Eubacteria Unicellular, prokaryotes, anaerobic and aerobic Binary fission Heterotrophs , some photosynthetic or chemosynthetic Cell walls (different from plants) Bacteria and blue green bacteria

Protista Eukaryotes (membrane bound organelles) Single celled and multicellular Plant-like, fungus-like, animal-like Lack specialized tissue Live in moist areas Autotrophic and heterotrophic Some with cell walls Sexual and asexual reproduction Ex: amoeba, paramecium, euglena algae

Fungus Heterotrophic, unicellular (yeast) and multicellular eukaryotes Absorbs nutrients-dead matter Cell wall chitin Sexual/asexual reproduction Mostly terrestrial Ex: mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, smuts, mildew, mold

Plantae Multicellular, autotrophic, eukaryotic Mostly terrestrial Specialized tissues and organs Cell walls of cellulose Chlorophyll in chloroplasts Alternation of generations between diploid and haploid Ex: moss, ferns, conifers, flowering plants

Animalia Multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotes Specialized tissues, some have organs and organ systems Nutrition by ingestion Sexual reproduction based on meiosis No cell walls or chloroplasts Sensory structures or organs Muscle systems for movement Aquatic or terrestrial

Don’t forget: You can copy-paste this slide into other presentations, and move or resize the poll. http://www.polleverywhere.com/multiple_choice_polls/LTM5MTQ2ODYxNA If you like, you can use this slide as a template for your own voting slides. You might use a slide like this if you feel your audience would benefit from the picture showing a text message on a phone.

Don’t forget: You can copy-paste this slide into other presentations, and move or resize the poll. In an emergency during your presentation, if the poll isn't showing, navigate to this link in your web browser: http://www.polleverywhere.com/multiple_choice_polls/LTE0MzExMTQ0ODg If you like, you can use this slide as a template for your own voting slides. You might use a slide like this if you feel your audience would benefit from the picture showing a text message on a phone. 31