1 Classification copyright cmassengale

2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! New organisms are still being found and identified New organisms are still being found and identified *Species of Organisms copyright cmassengale

SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] - Explain how diversity within a species increases the chances of its survival. SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] - Use a phylogenetic tree to identify the evolutionary relationships among different groups of organisms. copyright cmassengale3

4 *What is Classification? Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification is also known as taxonomy Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms copyright cmassengale

5 *Benefits of Classifying Accurately & uniformly names organisms Accurately & uniformly names organisms Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Sea”horse”?? copyright cmassengale

6 *Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names copyright cmassengale

7 *Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists copyright cmassengale

8 Early Taxonomists 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers copyright cmassengale

9 Early Taxonomists John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant copyright cmassengale

10 *Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – th century taxonomist Classified organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today copyright cmassengale

11 *Carolus Linnaeus Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Two-word name (Genus & species) Two-word name (Genus & species) copyright cmassengale

12 *Standardized Naming Binomial nomenclature used Binomial nomenclature used Genus species Genus species Latin or Greek Latin or Greek Italicized in print Italicized in print Capitalize genus, but NOT species Capitalize genus, but NOT species Underline when writing Underline when writing Turdus migratorius American Robin copyright cmassengale

13 Binomial Nomenclature Which TWO are more closely related? copyright cmassengale

14 Rules for Naming Organisms The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organisms The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organisms All names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress) All names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress) This prevents duplicated names This prevents duplicated names copyright cmassengale

15 *Classification Groups Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species copyright cmassengale

16 *Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division – used for plants) Class Order Family Genus Species BROADEST TAXON Most Specific copyright cmassengale

17 Dumb King Phillip Came Over For Gooseberry Soup! copyright cmassengale

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19 Broadest, most inclusive taxon Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains Three domains Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane- bound organelles Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane- bound organelles *Domains copyright cmassengale

20 *ARCHAEA Probably the 1 st cells to evolve Live in HARSH environments Found in: – Sewage Treatment Plants – Thermal or Volcanic Vents – Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid – Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) copyright cmassengale

21 ARCHAEAN copyright cmassengale

22 *EUBACTERIA Some may cause DISEASE Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Important decomposers for environment Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc. copyright cmassengale

23 Live in the intestines of animals copyright cmassengale

24 *Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms Protista (protozoans, algae…) Protista (protozoans, algae…) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals) Animalia (multicellular animals) copyright cmassengale

25 *Protista Most are unicellular Most are unicellular Some are multicellular Some are multicellular Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Aquatic Aquatic copyright cmassengale

26 *Fungi Multicellular, except yeast Multicellular, except yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin Cell walls made of chitin copyright cmassengale

27 *Plantae Multicellular Multicellular Autotrophic Autotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose Cell walls made of cellulose copyright cmassengale

28 *Animalia Multicellular Multicellular Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals Feed on plants or animals copyright cmassengale

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30 *Taxons Most genera contain a number of similar species Most genera contain a number of similar species The genus Homo is an exception (only contains modern humans) The genus Homo is an exception (only contains modern humans) evolutionary relationships Classification is based on evolutionary relationships copyright cmassengale

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32 *Basis for Modern Taxonomy Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Similar embryo development Similar embryo development Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins copyright cmassengale

Molecular Clocks – models that use mutation rates to measure evolutionary time. Different molecules have different mutation rates -mitochondrial DNA mutates 10x faster than nuclear DNA -ribosomal RNA mutates slower than nuclear DNA copyright cmassengale33

34 Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals. copyright cmassengale

35 Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos copyright cmassengale

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history for a group of species. Shown through - tree diagrams or cladograms Cladograms allow you to see any shared common ancestors. copyright cmassengale36

37 Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales copyright cmassengale

38 Primate Cladogram copyright cmassengale

On pages 525, complete the Quick Lab to turn in. copyright cmassengale39

40 *Dichotomous Keying Used to identify organisms Used to identify organisms Characteristics given in pairs Characteristics given in pairs Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism copyright cmassengale

41 Example of Dichotomous Key 1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5 copyright cmassengale

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SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] - Explain the process of cell differentiation as the basis for the hierarchical organization of organisms (including cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems). copyright cmassengale43

Circulatory System – to distribute food and oxygen and collect wastes. May have no heart, a simple heart or a heart with many chambers. May have blood vessels or complete using diffusion only. Respiratory System – gas exchange (carbon dioxide and oxygen) May happen through skin, trachea tubes, gills or lungs copyright cmassengale44

Integumentary – skin and hair. Function is to protect Muscular – function is movement Excretory – function is to remove metabolic wastes – Many organisms do this by diffusion or simple tubes. Most complicated is mammalian kidney. Neph- means kidney copyright cmassengale45

Nervous – function is to coordinate and has sensory organs Some organisms just have a nerve net, some have a simple brain, some have no sensory organs. Endocrine – glands Controls development of organism copyright cmassengale46

Reproductive – make new organism. Some create new organism asexually, just dividing into two organisms or budding off parent organism. Some create sex cells, like egg and sperm copyright cmassengale47

Digestive – function is to take in and break down food. Some organisms have a one opening digestive system. Some have a two opening with many organs. Skeletal – function is to protect and for movement. Exoskeletons are on the outside. Endoskeletons are on the inside. copyright cmassengale48

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