Classification Ch. 17. (17-1) Biodiversity Variety of organisms at all levels Taxonomy: branch of Bio that names & groups organisms by their characteristics.

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Presentation transcript:

Classification Ch. 17

(17-1) Biodiversity Variety of organisms at all levels Taxonomy: branch of Bio that names & groups organisms by their characteristics & history

How would you classify the following objects? Scissors Picture Cardboard box Pen Flashlight Shoe Fork Bar of soap Box of food Stapler Ruler Can of food Remote control Cassette tape Eye glasses Toothbrush

Aristotle’s Classification System Living things either plants or animals –Animals (land, water, air) –Plants (stems) Used common names –Varied from place to place

Linnaeus’ System Used morphology (structure & form) to categorize 7 level hierarchy –Ex: mail (country, zip, street, house #) Scientific names

Levels of Classification From largest to smallest –Kingdom –Phylum (animal) / Division (plant) –Class –Order –Family –Genus –Species Lynx rufus

Leopards Big cats All cats Mammals w/ large canines All mammals All chordate animals

Further Classification Species in different geographic areas are broken down into: – varieties (plants) – subspecies (animals)

Binomial Nomenclature Sci. name w/ 2 parts: genus & species identifier –Ex: Homo sapiens –Italics or underlined –Genus capitalized, species not Name may give hints about organism –Place found (borealis = northern) –Scientist’s name (flower: Linnaea borealis) –Characteristic features (amoeba: Chaos chaos)

(17-2) Systematics Organization of living things in the context of evolution (their relationships) Phylogeny: evolutionary history of a species or taxonomic group –Used by taxonomists to classify organisms –Phylogenetic tree: shows relationships

Additional Relationships Fossil record Morphology Embryological patterns of development DNA, RNA, & proteins

Cladistics Uses shared derived characters to establish evolutionary relationships Derived character: feature that evolved only w/in the group under consideration –Ex: bird feathers Cladograms: ancestry diagrams

(17-3) 2 Modern Systems 6 kingdom system –Preferred by taxonomists (morphology) 3 domain system –Preferred by molecular biologists (genetic codes)

Key Terms Unicellular: organism w/ 1 cell Multicellular: organism w/ many cells Prokaryotic: organisms without a nucleus Eukaryotic: organisms with a nucleus

Kingdoms Determined By Morphology Cellular structure Methods of obtaining nutrients & E Metabolism –Processing E

1. Archaebacteria “archae” – ancient Unicellular & prokaryotic Autotrophic or heterotrophic Live in extreme environments –Ex: sulfurous hot springs Yellowstone

2. Eubacteria “eu” – true Unicellular & prokaryotic Autotrophic or heterotrophic “Germs” & common bacteria E. coli

3. Protista Eukaryotic Unicellular or multicellular Category for organisms that don’t fit into the other kingdoms

4. Fungi Eukaryotic Most are multicellular Heterotrophic –Decomposers Ex: yeast, mold, mildew, mushrooms

5. Plantae Eukaryotic Multicellular Autotrophic –Photosynthesis Gymnosperms (cone plants) & angiosperms (flowering plants)

6. Animalia Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic Mobile Ex: fish, insects, reptiles, mammals

Domains 1.Archaea: Archaebacteria 2.Bacteria: Eubacteria 3.Eukarya: Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, & Protista Bacteria & Archaea include the greatest # of living things on Earth

Viruses Nonliving particle composed of a nucleic acid & a protein coat Can only reproduce w/ a host Help prevent w/ vaccinations & treat w/ antiviral drugs

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