AmericasEuropeAfricaAsiaMiddle East United States congress does not agrees to join League of nations Depression hits Latin American cash crops fall in price Spread of socialist and communist ideas Fear of future wars Mexican revolution part II for peasant land redistribution Roosevelt corollary continues Versailles treaty leaves out Central powers. France and Great Britain wishes to punish Germany. Europe suffers from Great depression because of War costs. Russia signs omitted because of Communist Revolution Ottoman and Austria-Hungary divided into new territories (self- determination) “lost generation” leads to fear of future wars Rise of totalitarian dictators (Hitler, Stalin, Mussolini, Franco) Many promised independence if they fought for their colonizers (did not get it). Taught them how to kill “white people” Inspired nationalist sentiment which would eventually lead to decolonization after WWII Many given mandate or protectorate status after war Many were at the Versailles conference but received nothing Colonization will continue India and Viet Nam would gain nationalist ambitions but would not see independence until after the second war. Japan recognized as a player which would eventually cede territories in the South Pacific which once belonged to Germany. Inspires imperialist ambitions. China disregarded and created civil chaos and May fourth movement (unintended) to inspire students to fight for more rights (like the 1989 Tiananmen square protests) Saudi Arabia the only independent nation from the Ottoman Empire which gains popular sovereignty Most become British or French Mandates (technically still under their control) because of oils in region Balfour Declaration (British promise of an independent Jewish homeland) fuels Zionism (not realized until 1948) Sykes-Picot agreement (secret agreement between France and Great Britain to create an independent Palestine) unfulfilled but continued Pan- Arab nationalism

The Post-WWI World

The End of WWI – End of Death? War ends November 1918 War ends November 1918 Casualties disrupt European societies- France & Serbia 10% Casualties disrupt European societies- France & Serbia 10% Spanish Flu pandemic killed million (more than Black Death) Spanish Flu pandemic killed million (more than Black Death) US had over 600,000 dead, India 12.5 million US had over 600,000 dead, India 12.5 million Flu most deadly ages Flu most deadly ages Why did flu spread so rapidly? Why did flu spread so rapidly?

The End of WWI Russia embroiled in brutal civil war between Bolsheviks (Reds) and anti- Bolsheviks (Whites) Russia embroiled in brutal civil war between Bolsheviks (Reds) and anti- Bolsheviks (Whites) Britain, France, US, and Japan send troops to Russia – mixed motives Britain, France, US, and Japan send troops to Russia – mixed motives

Results of Treaty Billions in reparations Billions in reparations Occupation of Rhineland Occupation of Rhineland Occupation of Industrial areas Occupation of Industrial areas Germany - Weimar Republic Germany - Weimar Republic New European states carved out of Germany, Russia, and Austro- Hungarian Empire New European states carved out of Germany, Russia, and Austro- Hungarian Empire

Post-War Europe Wilson’s failure – League of Nations Wilson’s failure – League of Nations League of Nations: League of Nations:  US Senate does not ratify Treaty  Wilson suffers stroke- power?  Italy- Libya and Ethiopia  Japan- Manchuria  Differences with UN?

Asia Japan gains Germany’s Asian colonies Japan gains Germany’s Asian colonies German Samoa taken by Australia/NZ German Samoa taken by Australia/NZ China declared war on Germany in gains nothing China declared war on Germany in gains nothing Japan demands more from China- Nationalist Chinese making gains Japan demands more from China- Nationalist Chinese making gains Ho Chi Minh seeks Vietnamese independence Ho Chi Minh seeks Vietnamese independence Self-determination only for Europe? Self-determination only for Europe?

The Middle East The Ottoman Empire disintegrated- New Turkish state 1923 The Ottoman Empire disintegrated- New Turkish state 1923 Arabs helped Allies in return for promises of independence- monarchies of Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Iran created by Britain Arabs helped Allies in return for promises of independence- monarchies of Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Iran created by Britain Remaining Ottoman lands divided between Britain and France Remaining Ottoman lands divided between Britain and France Balfour declaration (1917) gives support for a Jewish state Balfour declaration (1917) gives support for a Jewish state

India (South Asia) Indian troops saw action on side of allies in Africa, Middle East, and the Western Front Indian troops saw action on side of allies in Africa, Middle East, and the Western Front Hoped wartime participation would lead to self- government Hoped wartime participation would lead to self- government British refusal to give up India led to rise of Indian nationalists (Gandhi) British refusal to give up India led to rise of Indian nationalists (Gandhi)

Africa Change of ownership of colonies Change of ownership of colonies Service of colonial troops in WWI leads to demands for freedom Service of colonial troops in WWI leads to demands for freedom Rise of nationalist groups Rise of nationalist groups

The Great Depression – Laying the Groundwork (1920s) War-induced inflation War-induced inflation Overproduction = lower prices Overproduction = lower prices Colonial overproduction = decreased demand for manufactured goods Colonial overproduction = decreased demand for manufactured goods Protectionism: tariffs, closed markets Protectionism: tariffs, closed markets

The Great Depression – Stock Market Crash October NY stock market crashed October NY stock market crashed European loans called in European loans called in US & European banks fail US & European banks fail Investment funds dry up Investment funds dry up Industrial production falls accompanied by unemployment and lower wages Industrial production falls accompanied by unemployment and lower wages

The Great Depression – World Impact Russia: Russia:  Communist Russia protected from depression due to isolation from world  Rapid, forced industrial growth (5 Year Plans)

The Great Depression – World Impact Latin America: Latin America:  Decline in exports caused high unemployment  Stimulated greater government direction of economies

The Great Depression – World Impact Japan: Japan:  Dependent on exports to pay for raw materials  Severe unemployment (3 million)  Value of exports drop 50 percent  Depression increased suspicion of the West and spurred expansion into Asia to secure additional markets