QUIZ  1. The ___________ Points were Wilson’s plans for international peacekeeping.  2. Wilson wanted to establish a __________ of ___________ as an international peacekeeping body.  3. True/False: Congress approved passage for #2.  4. The “Great _____________” is the movement of half a million blacks into Northern cities looking for work.  5. The ________ Scare was the fear of radicals that permeated throughout the Untied States following WWI. 1

First World War and the Great Depression Unit 12

The “Big Stick” America Around the World 3 –Roosevelt and “Civilization” –Justifying Intervention –Protecting the Open Door in Asia –Roosevelt mediated end to conflict –Japan began to cease trade with America –“Great White Fleet” –The Iron Fisted Neighbor –Ending European intervention in S. America –“Roosevelt Corollary” “Speak softly, but carry a big stick” Theodore Roosevelt

5 The United States and Latin America,

The Panama Canal 6 –Panama was part of Colombia –Increase trade with Asia –Tensions with negotiations –USA financed a revolution in Colombia to secure the Canal

Diplomacy and Morality 7 Taft and “Dollar Diplomacy” Nicaragua Occupied Diplomacy and Morality  Intervention in Haiti and the Dominican Republic  Regime change in Mexico  Veracruz Incident  Pershing Expedition Pershing Expedition  Important because it lays the groundwork for a strained U.S.-Mexico relationship that plays a role in World War I. Woodrow Wilson (Library of Congress)

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Origins of World War I 11  Gavrilio Princip  Franz Ferdinand Executed  Allies v. Central Powers

The Road to War 12 Promoting the War in Australia (Private Collection) The Collapse of the European Peace  Allies v. Central Powers  Mobilization for War  Germany supports A-H  Germany declares war on France and Russia  Britain declares war on Germany

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Wilson’s Neutrality 14 The Road to War –Wilson’s Neutrality  Sympathy with Britain  Not really neutrality……  Submarine Warfare The Lusitania in New York City (Library of Congress)

America Enters the War 15 Preparedness Versus Pacifism Pacifists and Interventionists A War for Democracy “Peace Without Victory” Zimmerman Telegram Germany continues unrestricted submarine warfare The Election of 1916

The Military Struggle 16  Limited damage from U-boats  Bolshevik Revolution  Russia removes itself from war  America implements draft  AEF under Gen. Pershing  Argonne Forest  Nov. 11, 1918 – War finally ends. WWI Recruiting Poster by James Montgomery Flagg (NARA)

Chapter Twenty-one: America and the Great War © 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 17 America in World War I: The Western Front, 1918.

New Technology of Warfare 18 Trench Warfare Tanks and Flamethrowers Airplanes Submarines Appalling Casualties

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Organizing the Economy for War 20 Liberty Bonds Americans lent the government $23 billion! War Industries Board Bernard Baruch Taxation Committee on Public Information Espionage and Sedition Acts Suppressing Dissent “liberty cabbage” and “liberty sausage” Selling Liberty Bonds (NARA)

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22 Women Industrial Workers (NARA)

The Search for a New World Order 23 The Fourteen Points  Recommendations for new boundaries and nations  International principles  Proposal for a “League of Nations”  Wilson’s Idealistic Vision  Allied Resistance  Which two countries most opposed these peace offerings?

The Paris Peace Conference 24 The Paris Peace Conference  Self interest, unease, and threat of communism pervaded the conference  Vindictive, allied powers imposed heavy reparations  Why were these reparations a bad idea?  The League of Nations was formed Woodrow Wilson (Library of Congress)

The Ratification Battle 25 Henry Cabot Lodge resisted Wilson traveled around U.S. supporting it, fell ill The Senate rejected approval of the Treaty Why? “I have found that you get nothing in this world that is worthwhile without fighting for it.” Woodrow Wilson

Society in Turmoil 26 The Unstable Economy The Unstable Economy It was difficult for society to adapt to peace 5 million lost jobs, 100,000 businesses went bankrupt Wages weren’t rising with inflation Unions were not being recognized

Demands of African Americans 27 Black participation in war increased their determination in society “Great Migration” caused heightened racial tensions Chicago Race Riot 38 dead, 537 injured Universal Negro Improvement Assoc. Encouraged black nationalism True Sons of Freedom (Library of Congress)

28 African American Migration,

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UNIA Pamphlet © 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 31

The Red Scare 32 Popular Fear of Radicalism Creation of Communist International Palmer Raids 6,000 people arrested Sacco and Vanzetti trials What happened to them? The Retreat from Idealism Disillusionment and Reaction Election of 1920 – Warren G. Harding wins

Anarchists Bomb Wall Street New York 1920 © 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 33

1919 Labor Unrest/Radicalism © 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 34

“A Return to Normalcy” © 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 35

The Great Depression Chapter 23 36

1928 election Herbert Hoover (Rep)  Quiet and reserved  Takes credit for economic success in 1920s  Offers no plans for change Al Smith (Dem)  Career politician  Offers change in economic and social policy  Catholic Result:

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The Coming of the Great Depression Soaring Stock Market Too easy to gain credit What does this mean? The Great Crash Oct. 29, million shares of stock traded “Black Tuesday” “Black Tuesday” Wall Street (Licensed for Use) 39

Stock Market Crash!!!! Black Thursday: October 24, 1929  12 million shares sold  Drastic drop in prices Black Tuesday: October 29, 1929  Massive attempt to sell drops prices of stocks  16 million stocks dumped in one day  Stocks become worthless  Dow Jones Industrial average lost 25% of value

Stock Market Crash!!!!

Impact of the crash:  Value of stocks nationally:  $89 billion to $19 billion  Unemployment:  3.2% to 25.2%  Interest rates:  5% to.6%  GDP:  $104 billion to $59 billion  10,000 banks close Result? Great Depression ( )

Causes of the Great Depression Poor Economic Diversification America relied too much on auto and construction Uneven Distribution of Wealth People didn’t have enough money… International Debt Structure What were the issues? Too much credit Buying on margin, speculation 43

Progression of the Great Depression Banking Crisis over 9,000 banks collapsed Money supply shrank drastically Plunging GNP Plunged 25% 25% of the workforce was unemployed The Unemployed, 1930 (Library of Congress) 44

Hoover’s Philosophy  Depressions were normal, healthy part of business cycle  Depression will correct itself  Belief in “rugged Individualism” and voluntary action  Government should do as little as possible No Direct Relief

PROBLEM: Depression does not “fix itself”  Hoover asks businesses to voluntarily hold wages and employment  Economy continues to collapse  Democrats win 1930 Congressional Elections  Farmers rioting & destroying crops  Starvation & Homelessness haunts US

Hoover Acts: Too Little, Too Late  Authorizes public works projects to build dams, bridges, roads  1932: Reconstruction Finance Corp. (RFC)  Emergency financing to banks, RR companies, railroads and other large businesses.  1933: Federal Home Loan Bank Act  Lowered mort. Rates for homeowners.  Allowed farmers to refinance their loans CRITICISM: This aid goes to big companies and banks, does not “trickle down” to average citizens

Construction of a Dam by William Gropper Hoover does direct some government aid to major construction projects, such as the Boulder Dam (now called Hoover Dam)

Gassing of Bonus Army  1932 – 10,000-20,000 veterans march on Washington D.C.  WHY?  Patman Bill was rejected, army told to go home  2,000 men refused to move, they were forced to by the U.S. Army  More than 1,000 people were gassed and their possessions were burned VIDEO IMPACT? Hoover’s popularity falls lower. Helps FDR win in 1932.

Election of 1932  SETTING:  11 million unemployed  Depression since Oct  ISSUES:  Stay the Course VS.  New Deal  What were the major differences?  CANDIDATES:  Hebert Hoover, incumbent, Republican  FDR, Democrat  OUTCOME:  Landslide victory for FDR (472 to 59)   mandate for radical reform

The Interregnum Banking Collapse Hoover asked FDR for reassurances of economic stability Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Library of Congress) 56