Culture and Society

Chapter Opener Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

A woman looks at a dish of worms during the Taipei Chinese Food Festival in Taiwan. Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Members of a 1960s commune pose together for a group portrait Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Harajuku girls stroll down a street in Tokyo, Japan Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Globalization and Everyday Life Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Globalization and Everyday Life Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Papua New Guinean men in traditional clothing and face paint at the Sing- Sing Annual Cultural show. Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Spinach Pierogi Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Bocce Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Cologne Cathedral, built in the Middle Ages, stands at the center of Cologne, Germany, and towers over the city, symbolizing the central role Christianity played in medieval European life. Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Over 90 percent of the people who live in industrial societies live in cities or towns. Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Women waiting in line for food in Calcutta, India Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Using the Internet to connect with the world around them is common among young people across cultures. Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Multicultural knowledge How many of the following words or phrases can you identify? The United States is a melting pot, where many cultures live side- by- side. Americans often share in the cuisines, music, holiday traditions, and even language of cultures that are very different from their own family heritages. Yet even within a single ethnic or religious subculture, further subcultures exist, such as generational subcultures— where people born in the 1990s experience culture in very different ways than their parents or grandparents. Find out the answers on the next slides. 1. bhangra 9. ushanka 2. bocce 10. sarape 3. acupuncture 11. djembe 4. futon 12. sitar 5. tah deeg 13. LP 6. pierogi 14. kaffeeklatsch 7. jumping the broom 15. getting pinned 8. chuppah 15

Answers 1.bhangra: A type of music and dance that originated in the Punjab region of India, especially among Sikhs. American music fans may recognize bhangra melodies and rhythms from hip- hop artists including Beyonce and Beenie Man. 2.bocce: Bocce is a sport similar to bowling, although it takes place outside— usually on one’s lawn or on a court made of stones or shells. The sport originated in Italy, and literally means “bowls.” 3.acupuncture: A form of Chinese medicine that has grown in popularity in the United States over the past decade. It involves inserting fine needles into specific points on the body to relieve pain. 4.futon: A thick mattress with a cloth cover, used for sleeping. Although futons are common in college dorm rooms, they originated as beds in Japan. 5.tah deeg: A much- sought- after delicacy in Persian cooking; it is the crispy layer of browned rice at the bottom of a pan of cooked rice. 6.pierogi: A boiled dumpling of unleavened dough stuffed with ingredients such as potatos or cheese. Pierogis can be found at American grocery stores, but originally are from eastern European nations such as Poland. 7.jumping the broom: A common custom at African American wedding ceremonies. The bride and groom end their ceremony by jumping together or separately over a broom that is lying in front of the altar. 8.chuppah: A canopy traditionally used in Jewish weddings. It symbolizes the home the couple will build together. 9.ushanka: A fur cap with ear flaps that can be tied under the chin to protect the ears from the cold. The ushanka originates from Russia. 16

Answers 10.sarape: A colorful shawl or poncho worn in Mexico. 11.djembe: A large drum from West Africa. Djembe literally means “everyone gather together.” American popular musicians Ben Harper, Paul Simon, and the Grateful Dead have added the djembe to their percussion lines. 11.sitar: A long- necked stringed instrument that is plucked. It is used primarily in music from India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Sitar music was widely introduced to the Western world when Ravi Shankar performed with the Beatles in the 1960s. 12.LP: a long- playing record, also known as a 33 1/3 rpm vinyl record. In the 1960s through the mid 1980s, this is how most people listened to recorded music. The LP has since given way to CDs and downloaded music stored in iPods. 13.kaffeeklatsch: An informal gathering of friends to drink coffee and chat, like on the television show Friends. This is a German word, although the idea is very familiar to Americans. 14.getting pinned. In the 1940s and 1950s, when a dating couple decided they wanted to be “exclusive,” the boy would present the girl with a “pin”— typically earned for his athletic or academic achievements. 17

The Meaning of Culture: The Key to Human Diversity

Does this picture offend you?

If so, then you may be guilty of Ethnocentrism! People who are ethnocentric apply their own values in judging the behavior and beliefs of other people raised in other cultures. Ethnocentrism contributes to social solidarity and a sense of value and community. However, it also fuels conflict.

Culture is learned behavior Each child goes through a process of enculturation when they grow up in a culture. Children learn by observing the behaviors of people in their surroundings, including the recognition of symbols specific to that culture.

Examples of cultural symbols

Culture is shared Culture is an attribute not of individuals per se but of individuals as members of groups. Culture is transmitted by society. Enculturation unifies people by providing us with common experiences.

Culture is symbolic Symbols can either be verbal (linguistic) or nonverbal (object, written symbol).

Culture and Nature: Differences in How we meet the call Culture defines what people eat, how food is prepared, and when and how food is eaten. Waste elimination is culturally prescribed. Sexual activities are also dictated by culture (with who, how, where, and when).

Culture is all-encompassing and integrated Culture envelopes each of us, and touches every aspect of our lives. Culture is systematic and integrated (it is not a random phenomenon). Cultures teach us to share certain core values that helps shape the personality of the individuals within a culture.

Cultures are dynamic: rules are made to be broken Humans are creative animals and always do not strictly follow the dictates of their culture. There is individual interpretation of each aspect of culture that is in part due to family and personal history. Real vs. Ideal culture.

Culture can be both adaptive and maladaptive Modern technology has provided for the adaptation of humans to every part of the globe, as ancient technologies provided successful to environments on a smaller scale. Short-term vs. long- term adaptive strategies.

Levels of culture National: learned behavioral patterns, beliefs, values, and institutions shared by the citizens of a nation. International: cultural traditions that expand beyond cultural boundaries. Subculture: different traditions practiced by groups set within a larger culture. Frequently regionally based.

Ethnocentrism, Cultural Relativism, and Human Rights The “human rights” movement suggests that there is a realm of justice and morality that supercedes the practices of many cultures. Examples: female genital mutilation in the Middle East; male circumcision at birth in the United States.

Universality, Generality, and Particularity Universal: found in all cultures. Examples: Exogamy and incest taboo. Generality: found in many cultures, but not all. Example: nuclear family. Particularities: found only in some cultures. Example: head hunting.

What makes cultures change? Diffusion: borrowing of traits between cultures. Acculturation: exchange of cultural features that results from long-term exposure between cultures. Independent invention: Developing to solution to problems by individual cultures. Example: agriculture.

One World Culture? Globalization in the 21 st Century Cultures are increasingly coming in contact as a result of improved trade relations, better communication, and easier travel. Multinational corporations and business “outsourcing” to the Third World are becoming more commonplace.

Globalization and culture There is virtually no escape from globalization today as a result of technology. Television, the “global economy,” multinational corporations (MNCs), and international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), along with e- communication, have changed the face of culture the world over, leading to increased interdependence. 34

Map 2.1 The Exploding Internet, 2008 Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Response to globalization Not everyone is happy with globalization. There has been a rise of nationalism, tribalism, and other forms of protest that is largely a rejection of Western culture (often seen as Americanization). Part of the response has also been an emphasis on the importance of local culture. 36